Only One John: The Apostle Who Wrote Five Books

30.13

Only One John: The Apostle Who Wrote Five

Books

Most scholars who identify the apostle John with “the Beloved

Disciple” are willing to grant that person a role (perhaps limited,

perhaps pronounced) in the composition of the Gospel of John.

However, the strong tendency in scholarship is to associate the three

Johannine Epistles with another person named John and the book of

Revelation with yet a third person who bore that name:

New Testament Writing

To Be Associated with

Gospel of John

John the apostle

1 John

John the elder

2 John

John the elder

3 John

John the elder

Revelation

John the seer (otherwise

unknown)

But a strong minority of scholars contest this.

No Need for a Distinct “John the Elder”

First, the scholars challenge the contention of Eusebius (fourth-

century historian) to the effect that John the apostle and John the

elder were two different people.

Robert Gundry notes that Eusebius begins by quoting Papias (an

early-second-century church leader):

“If anyone came who had followed the elders, I inquired into the

words of the elders, what Andrew or Peter or Philip or Thomas or

James or John or Matthew or any other of the Lord’s disciples

had said, and what Aristion and the Elder John, the Lord’s

disciples, were saying.” (Papias quoted by Eusebius in Church

History 3.39.4)

Then Gundry says,

Both times that the name John appears, it appears with both the

designations “elder” and “the Lord’s disciple.” By contrast,

Aristion—even though designated a “Lord’s disciple”—lacks the

title “elder” when mentioned alongside John. This contrast points

toward a single individual named John. Papias wanted to make

plain the single identity of John by repeating the designation

“elder,” just used for the apostles but omitted with Aristion; and

Papias mentioned John a second time because John was the

only one of the Lord’s disciples still living and speaking who was

also an apostle. Admittedly, Eusebius interpreted Papias as

referring to two different men named John and even claimed a

tradition of two men named John and having different memorials

in Ephesus. But one and the same person may have more than

one memorial and sometimes does.”

So contra Eusebius and centuries of tradition, John the apostle and

John the elder were the same person, namely the person who is

called “the beloved disciple” in the fourth Gospel.

No Need for a Distinct “John the Seer”

Most modern scholars do not think that either John the apostle or

John the elder wrote Revelation. They attribute the book to yet

another John—a person we may call “John the seer”—who is

otherwise unknown to us. One major reason is that the book of

Revelation exhibits stylistic differences strikingly different from the

Gospel and letters.

Gundry writes,

It is true that from a grammatical and literary standpoint the

Greek style of Revelation is inferior to that of the Gospel and

Letters. But in part the “bad grammar” may be deliberate, for

purposes of emphasis and allusion to Old Testament passages

in Hebraic style, rather than due to ignorance of blundering. In

parts the “bad grammar” may also stem from an ecstatic state of

mind, due to John’s having received prophecies in the form of

visions. Or writing as a prisoner on the island of Patmos in the

Aegean Sea, he did not have the advantage of an amanuensis to

smooth out his rough style, as he probably did have for his

Gospel and Letters.”

The minority argument, then, is that one person, John the apostle,

elder, and beloved disciple, wrote five books of the New Testament:

the Gospel, the three letters, and the book of Revelation.

1. Robert H. Gundry, A Survey of the New Testament, 4th edition (Grand Rapids:

Zondervan, 2003), 257.

2. Gundry, Survey of the New Testament, 506–7.