depression and somatization. Additional findings indicate that emotional coping is negatively
associated with job satisfaction (Greenglass, 1993), thus suggesting that negative emotional
coping itself may be a distress symptom. Other research suggests that positive emotion focused
coping strategies are beneficial ways of coping with stressful events (Dunkel-Schetter, Feinstein,
Taylor, & Falke, 1992). Research findings show that positive affect is related to the use of
positive reappraisal (Haley et al., 1996). According to Folkman (1997), coping theory needs to be
modified to take into account positive psychological states. While the distinction between
problem-focused and emotional coping is an important one, later research has found that it has
not captured the multivariate aspects of coping. Research reports, for example, that responses to
the Ways of Coping Scale (Folkman & Lazarus, 1988 ) form several factors rather than two (e.g.,
Aldwin, Folkman, Schaefer, Coyne, & Lazarus, 1980)
Social support and coping. In the past, research on coping and social support has tended to
be separate, conceptually and empirically. Recently, however, there has been research attention
directed towards linking coping and social support in order to evolve an interpersonal theory of
coping with stress. For example, DeLongis and O’Brien (1990) in their treatment of how families
cope with Alzheimer’s disease, discuss how interpersonal factors may be important as predictors
of the individual’s ability to cope with the situation. They talk about the importance of drawing
on the resources of others for coping with difficult situations. Hobfoll, Dunahoo, Ben-Porth, and
Monnier (1994) also address the interpersonal, interactive nature of coping and social resource
acquisition.
There are several advantages to linking social support to coping. First, in viewing social
support as a form of coping, one can theoretically link areas that have been previously viewed as
conceptually distinct. This allows for the elaboration of traditional constructs using theoretical
developments in the other area. Second, conceptualization of social support as coping broadens
the concept of coping as it has traditionally been defined to include interpersonal and relational
skills. Third, this approach recognizes the importance of resources in others which can be
transformed into the behavioral and cognitive coping repertoire of the individual. Moreover,
according to the present reformulation, interpersonal strength and relational skills are
conceptualized as positive coping strengths, which can be developed.
In a study in which support from supervisors and relatives and friends was a significant
contributor to coping, primarily in women managers, Greenglass (1993) provides data supporting
the Functional Support Model. According to this model (Wills, 1990), close relationships help a
person cope with stress because in such relationships the person can disclose and discuss
problems, share concerns, and receive advice that is keyed to a person's needs. This model
suggests that close relationships contribute to well-being through increasing use of more effective
coping forms, i.e., instrumental and internal control, and by decreasing use of negative, emotion-
focused coping, with a corresponding decrease in negative affect. For Thoits (1986), social
support is seen as coping assistance; coping and social support are seen as having functions in
common -instrumental, emotional and perceptional which includes informational support that can
alter perceptions of meaningful aspects of stressful situations. Coping includes the process of
cognitive restructuring.
Proactive behavior. Additional data indicate that people are often able to recognize cues
suggesting that there is trouble on the way and they take steps to deal with it before it occurs. The
processes through which people anticipate or detect potential stressors and act in advance to
prevent them can be seen as proactive behavior. To the extent that individuals offset, eliminate,
reduce or modify impending stressful events, proactive behavior can eliminate a great deal of