Document Template

HRP-47052

Human Research Program

Requirements Document

Verify this is the correct version before use

May 2017

Revision G, PCN 1

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center

Houston, Texas

HRP-47052

PREFACE

HUMAN RESEARCH PROGRAM REQUIREMENTS DOCUMENT

This document is the Human Research Program Requirements Document. The purpose of this

document is to define, document, and allocate Human Research Program (HRP) requirements.

The need to produce a Program Requirements Document (PRD) is established in HRP-47051,

Human Research Program – Program Plan, and is under configuration management control of

the Human Research Program Control Board (HRPCB).

HRP-47052

iii

Human Research Program

Requirements Document

Prepared By:

Original signature on file

________________________________________________

3/31/15

_______________

Maria Havenhill

Date

HRP Program Science Management Office Risk Manager

Human Research Program

Concurred By:

Original signature on file

3/31/15

Michele Perchonok

Date

Program Science Management Office Manager

Human Research Program

Approved By:

Original signature on file

________________________________________________

4/2/2015

_______________

William Paloski, Ph.D.

Date

Program Director

Human Research Program

HRP-47052

DOCUMENT CHANGE/

REVISION LOG

PAGE 1 OF 1

Change/

Revision

Date Description of Change

Pages

Affected

Baseline

05-15-07

Initial Release (Reference per SLSDCR-HRPCB-

07-006, EFF. 05-15-07) approved by the HRPCB

All

Rev A

07-03-07

Revision (Reference per SLSDCR-HRPCB-07-

033, EFF. 07-03-07) approved outside-of-board

by the HRPCB chair.

Rev B

02-14-08

Revision (Reference per SLSDCR-HRPCB-08-

002, EFF. 02-14-08) approved by the HRPCB

Rev C

01-23-09

Revision (Reference per SLSDCR-HRPCB-08-

021, EFF. 01-23-09) approved by the HRPCB

Rev D

07-22-10

Revision (Reference per SLSDCR-HRPCB-10-

011, EFF. 07-22-10) approved by the HRPCB

Rev E

04-28-11

Revision (Reference per SLSDCR-HRPCB-11-

006, EFF. 04-28-11)

Rev E

05-19-11

Revision (Reference per SLSDCR-HRPCB-11-

006R1, Action Number AI-HRPCB-11-011, EFF.

05-19-11)

Rev E,

PCN-1

07-02-12

Page Change Notice Revision (Reference per

SLSD-HRPCB-12-013, EFF. 06-22-12)

Rev F

02-22-13

Revision (Reference per SLSDCR-HRPCB-12-

029-R1, EFF. 12-13-12)

Rev F,

PCN-1

08-20-13

Page Change Notice Revision (Reference per

SLSD-HRPCB-13-011, EFF. 08-20-13)

Rev G

03-12-15

Revision (Reference per HHPD-HRPCB-15-003,

EFF. 03-12-15)

Rev G,

PCN-1

05-17-17

Page Change Notice Revision (Reference per

HHPD-HRPCB-17-002, EFF. 04-10-17)

HRP-47052

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Section

Page

1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................ 1

1.1 Purpose ............................................................................................................................ 1

1.2 Scope ................................................................................................................................ 1

1.3 Responsibility and Change Authority .............................................................................. 2

2 DOCUMENTS .................................................................................................. 3

2.1 Applicable Documents ..................................................................................................... 3

2.2 Reference Documents ...................................................................................................... 3

3 HRP GOAL AND OBJECTIVES .................................................................. 5

3.1 Goal .................................................................................................................................. 5

3.2 Objectives ........................................................................................................................ 5

4 HRP REQUIREMENTS RELATED TO HUMAN SYSTEM

STANDARDS .......................................................................................................... 5

4.1 NASA’s Health, Medical, Human Performance, and Environmental Standards ............ 5

5 HRP REQUIREMENTS RELATED TO HH&P RISKS AND

CONCERNS ............................................................................................................ 6

5.1 Risk Assessment Methods ............................................................................................... 9

5.2 HRP Program Science Management Office (PSMO) Support ...................................... 10

5.3 Countermeasure and Technology Development ............................................................ 10

5.4 Development of Methods and Technologies to Monitor and Treat ............................... 11

5.5 Provision of Supporting Evidence ................................................................................. 11

6 HRP REQUIREMENTS RELATED TO ENABLING CAPABILITIES 12

6.1 Provision of Enabling Capabilities ................................................................................ 12

6.2 Preservation and Maintenance of Core Technical Capabilities and Expertise .............. 13

6.3 Compliance with Applicable Documents ...................................................................... 14

6.4 Optimization of Methods and Technologies .................................................................. 14

APPENDIX A: ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ............................... 15

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Section

Page

APPENDIX B: DRM DESCRIPTIONS AND ASSUMPTIONS ................... 17

APPENDIX C: HUMAN RISK DISPOSITIONS FOR ALL DRMS ........... 31

LIST OF TABLES

Table

Page

Table 1 – Applicable Documents …………………………………………………………........3

Table 2 – Reference Documents …………………………………………………………….....4

Table 3 – Human System Health and Performance Risks Addressed by HRP ………………..8

Table 4 – Human System Health and Performance Concerns Addressed by HRP ……………9

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure

Page

Figure 1: HRP Management Architecture ……………………………………………………...7

Figure 2: HSRB DRM Categories …………………………………………………………….17

HRP-47052

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 PURPOSE

This document defines, documents, and allocates the Human Research Program (HRP)

requirements to the HRP Program Elements. It also establishes the flow of requirements from

the Human Exploration and Operations Mission Directorate (HEOMD) and the Office of the

Chief Health and Medical Officer (OCHMO) down to the various HRP Program Elements to

ensure that human research and technology countermeasure investments support the delivery of

countermeasures and technologies that satisfy HEOMD’s and OCHMO’s exploration mission

requirements.

1.2 SCOPE

Requirements driving HRP work and deliverables are derived from the exploration architecture

as well as Agency standards regarding the maintenance of Human Health and Performance

(HH&P). Agency HH&P standards will define acceptable risks for each Design Reference

Mission (DRM) category as defined by the Human System Risk Board (HSRB). It is critical to

have the best available scientific, operational and clinical evidence in setting and validating these

standards. In addition, it is imperative that the best available evidence on preventing and

mitigating HH&P risks is incorporated into exploration mission and vehicle designs. These

elements form the basis of the HRP research and technology development requirements and

highlight the importance of HRP investments in enabling NASA’s exploration missions.

HRP requirements are derived from the following documents:

• Human Exploration and Operations Mission Directorate (HEOMD) Strategic

Implementation Plan;

• NPD 1001.0A, 2011 NASA Strategic Plan

• Human Exploration and Operations Mission Directorate (HEOMD) Program

Commitment Agreement (PCA) with HRP

• NASA-STD-3001, NASA Space Flight Human System Standard, Volume 1: Crew

Health; and

• NASA-STD-3001, NASA Space Flight Human System Standard, Volume 2: Human

Factors, Habitability and Environmental Health.

This PRD defines the requirements of the HRP which are allocated to the following Program

Elements:

1. Exploration Medical Capability (ExMC),

2. Human Factors and Behavioral Performance (HFBP),

3. Human Health Countermeasures (HHC),

4. ISS Medical Projects (ISSMP), and

5. Space Radiation (SR).

The requirements are subdivided into the following three categories:

1. Human system standards (section 4),

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2. Human health and performance risks (section 5), and

3. Provision of enabling capabilities (section 6).

Where appropriate, the Program Elements further allocate requirements to their research and

technology development portfolios. These allocations are documented in the Element Plans.

This document includes three appendices. Appendix A captures the acronyms used in this

document. Appendix B encompasses additional HRP assumptions on the DRM categories to

frame the research required for each of the HH&P risks in its portfolio. Appendix C is a matrix

of risk dispositions of all human spaceflight risks by DRM category and by in-mission/post-

mission phase.

1.3 RESPONSIBILITY AND CHANGE AUTHORITY

This document is under Configuration Management (CM) control of the HRPCB. Changes to

this document will result in the issuance of Page Change Notices (PCN) or a full re-issue of the

document using the Change Request (CR) process. A review of the PRD will be performed and

changes made as necessary to maintain consistency with the evolving HEOMD strategies, goals,

and objectives.

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2 DOCUMENTS

2.1 APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS

The following documents of the specified revision or the latest revision if not identified, are

applicable to the extent specified herein. Inclusion of applicable documents herein does not in

any way imply any order of precedence.

Table 1 – Applicable Documents

Document No.

Document Title

NASA-STD-3001 Vol. 1,

Rev A

NASA Space Flight Human System Standard Volume 1, Revision

A: Crew Health

NASA-STD-3001 Vol. 2,

Rev A

NASA Space Flight Human System Standard Volume 2: Human

Factors, Habitability and Environmental Health

NPD 1001.0B

2014 NASA Strategic Plan

HRP-XPCA

HEOMD Program Commitment Agreement (PCA) with HRP

HRP-47051B

Human Research Program – Program Plan (Revision B-PCN1)

NPR 7120.5E

NASA Space Flight Program and Project Management

Requirements w/Changes 1-15

NPD 1000.0B

NASA Governance and Strategic Management Handbook

NPD 8500.1C

NASA Environmental Management

NPD 8910.1B

Care and Use of Animals (Revalidated 6/25/13)

NPR 1080.1A

Requirements for the Conduct of NASA Research & Technology

(R&T)

NPR 2190.1B

NASA Export Control Program

NPR 2810.1A

Security of Information Technology (Revalidated with Change 1,

dated May 19, 2011)

NPR 5810.1

Standard Format for NASA Research Announcements (NRAs)

and other Announcements for Grants and Cooperative Agreements

(Updated w/Change 2, July 16, 2012).

NPR 7100.1

Protection of Human Research Subjects (Revalidated 6/26/14)

NPR 7120.8

NASA Research and Technology Program and Project

Management Requirements (w/Change 4 dated 01/04/17)

NID 8000.108

Agency Risk Management Procedural Requirements

NPR 7123.1B

NASA Systems Engineering Processes and Requirements

JSC 66705

Human System Risk Management Plan

2.2 REFERENCE DOCUMENTS

The following documents contain supplemental information to guide the user in the application

of this document. These reference documents may or may not be specifically cited within the

text of the document.

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Table 2 – Reference Documents

Document No.

Document Title

HRP-47053

Human Research Program Science Management Plan (Revision E

PCN-1)

HRP-47065

Human Research Program Integrated Research Plan (Revision H

PCN-3) (electronically available at:

http://humanresearchroadmap.nasa.gov/)

JSC-28330

Human Health and Performance Directorate Configuration

Management Plan (Revision F)

N/A

HRP Risk Evidence Reports electronically available at:

http://humanresearchroadmap.nasa.gov/evidence/

NPD 1000.3E

The NASA Organization w/Change 15

NPD 7100.8E

Protection of Human Research Subjects (Revalidated with admin.

changes 12/18/2012)

HRP-47069D

Human Research Program Unique Processes, Criteria, and

Guidelines (Revision D PCN-2)

S.1281

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)

Authorization Act of 2005

NASA/SP-2010-3407

Human Integration Design Handbook

N/A

NASA Institutional Review Board Website - http://irb.nasa.gov/

HRP-47052

3 HRP GOAL AND OBJECTIVES

This section reflects the HRP Goals and Objectives described in the HRP Program Commitment

Agreement and HRP-47051, Human Research Program – Program Plan.

3.1 GOAL

The goal of the HRP is to provide HH&P countermeasures, knowledge, technologies, and tools

to enable safe, reliable, and productive human space exploration.

3.2 OBJECTIVES

The specific objectives of the HRP are:

3.2.1 Develop capabilities, necessary countermeasures, and technologies in support of human

space exploration, focusing on mitigating the highest risks to crew health and

performance. Enable the definition and improvement of human spaceflight medical,

environmental and human factors standards.

3.2.2 Develop technologies that serve to reduce medical and environmental risks, to reduce

human systems resource requirements (mass, volume, power, data, etc.), and to ensure

effective human-system integration across exploration mission systems.

3.2.3 Ensure maintenance of Agency core competencies necessary to enable risk reduction in

the following areas: space medicine; physiological and behavioral effects of long-

duration spaceflight on the human body; space environmental effects (including

radiation) on human health and performance; and space human factors.

4 HRP REQUIREMENTS RELATED TO HUMAN SYSTEM

STANDARDS

4.1 NASA’S HEALTH, MEDICAL, HUMAN PERFORMANCE, AND

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

The HRP shall enable the development and modification of NASA’s health, medical, human

performance, and environmental standards in time for exploration mission planning and design.

Rationale: Spaceflight human system standards are designed to address

acceptable levels of HH&P risks for exploration missions of varying complexity

and duration. The OCHMO has established an initial set of standards that serves

to guide the HRP in the expansion of its evidence base regarding human

spaceflight health and performance risks. HRP sponsors research and technology

development enabling development and modification of the OCHMO maintained

standards.

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Several different types of standards have been established by the OCHMO and documented in

NASA-STD-3001, NASA Space Flight Human Systems Standards, Vol. 1 and Vol. 2. The

standards sets are listed below.

1. Fitness-for-duty standards for maintaining the physiological and behavioral parameters

necessary to perform the required tasks;

2. Permissible outcome limits for the changes in health outcomes that are potentially

affected by long-term exposure to the space environment;

3. Permissible exposure limits for managing risks by controlling human exposure;

4. Levels of care standards for guiding medical capabilities needed to respond to a medical

contingency during exploration missions; and

5. Human factors, habitability, and environmental standards to guide the development of

spacecraft and systems so as to alleviate human health and performance impacts.

HRP will perform the research required to recommend new standards where current standards do

not exist, or recommend updates to existing standards as evidence becomes available. The HRP

requirements necessary to ensure the best possible evidence base in order to enable the

development and modification of standards are the following:

4.1.1 The HHC shall perform the research necessary to enable the development and

modification of the HHC standards sets documented in NASA-STD-3001, Vol.1 and Vol.

4.1.2 The HFBP shall perform the research necessary to enable the development and

modification of the HFBP standards sets documented in NASA-STD-3001, Vol.1 and

Vol. 2.

4.1.3 The SR shall perform the research necessary to enable the development and modification

of the SR standards sets documented in NASA-STD-3001, Vol.1 and Vol. 2.

4.1.4 The ExMC shall perform the research necessary to enable the development and

modification of the ExMC standards sets documented in NASA-STD-3001, Vol.1 and

Vol. 2.

5 HRP REQUIREMENTS RELATED TO HH&P RISKS AND

CONCERNS

A risk is a health and performance item of interest that has a clear consequence and attendant

likelihood supported by evidence. A concern is an item for which there is not sufficient evidence

or quantifiable likelihood for a given design reference mission to support its status as a risk.

Human System Risk Board

The OCHMO owns all HH&P risks managed by the HSRB as described in the JSC-66705,

Human System Risk Management Plan. The HSRB baselines risks supported by evidence and

determines which risks require research as part of the mitigation strategy. For concerns, the

HSRB makes the determination if more work is needed to seek out the minimum necessary

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spaceflight and terrestrial evidence to generate a likelihood and consequence (LxC) assessment.

If the HSRB determines research is required to understand a concern or risk, or mitigate a risk,

and if it is determined the research can be provided by HRP, the program will complete an

analysis of the risk or concern and develop a research plan to further understand the risk or

concern, inform standards, or develop mitigation or monitoring strategies for the risk. The HRP

records these risks and concerns as requirements in the PRD.

HRP Management Architecture to Address Risks and Concerns

As shown in Figure 1, the development of HRP content has been formulated around the

management architecture:

Figure 1: HRP Management Architecture

Evidence forms the basis for the existence of a risk to the human system. The individual risk

research plans, which are compiled in the Integrated Research Plan (IRP), contain gaps in

knowledge about characterizing or mitigating the risk, and the tasks to be carried out in order to

produce the deliverables needed to fill the gaps and reduce the risk. HRP deliverables are

generally:

1. Knowledge – deliverables that add to the body of knowledge regarding the risk or

concern,

2. Countermeasures – preventive and treatment actions taken to address a risk,

3. Technology Development – hardware and software that enable risk monitoring,

prevention or treatment,

4. Operational Protocols – operational procedures and methods that define a technique or

process for mitigation of the risk, and

5. Guidelines, Requirements, and Standards – information that defines the acceptable levels

of risk.

Information generated by HRP that can inform the status of the risk and anticipated mitigations

are documented in the Risk Summaries in the risk records maintained by the HSRB.

The process for changing HH&P risks is documented in HRP-47069, Human Research Program

Unique Processes, Criteria, and Guidelines (UPCG) document.

Risks and Concerns in the HRP Research Portfolio

The current HRP HH&P risks and concerns and applicable HRP Element assignments are listed

in Tables 3 and 4. Tables 3 and 4 contain the following information:

1. HRP Element: The Element(s) with primary responsibility for the research.

2. Title: Top level wording used to describe the risk or concern.

3. Short Title: An abbreviation of the title which is for HRP use only.

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4. (Short Title) Link to HRR: Specific weblinks to the IRP Human Research Roadmap

(HRR) risk breakdown.

These risks and concerns reflect the current risk information presented at the HSRB level. At

this time, there are 23 risks and 2 concerns approved at the HSRB for which research is to be

performed by HRP. Each Element also has the ability to manage the research to a lower fidelity

of risk topic breakdown through their respective research plans (see the HRR,

http://humanresearchroadmap.nasa.gov/ and the links provided in the tables below). The current

disposition status of these risks is captured in Appendix C.

Table 3 – Human System Health and Performance Risks Addressed by HRP

HRP

Element

Title

HHC

Risk of Orthostatic Intolerance During Re-Exposure to Gravity (Short Title: OI) OI

Link to HRR

HHC

Risk of Injury and Compromised Performance Due to EVA Operations (Short Title:

EVA) EVA Link to HRR

HHC

Risk of Impaired Performance Due to Reduced Muscle Mass, Strength and Endurance

(Short Title: Muscle) Muscle Link to HRR

HHC

Risk of Cardiac Rhythm Problems (Short Title: Arrhythmia) Arrhythmia Link to HRR

HHC

Risk of Reduced Physical Performance Capabilities Due to Reduced Aerobic Capacity

(Short Title: Aerobic) Aerobic Link to HRR

HHC

Risk of Adverse Health Event Due to Altered Immune Response (Short Title: Immune)

Immune Link to HRR

HHC

Risk of Impaired Control of Spacecraft/Associated Systems and Decreased Mobility

Due to Vestibular/Sensorimotor Alterations Associated with Space Flight (Short Title:

Sensorimotor) Sensorimotor Link to HRR

HHC

Risk of Spaceflight-Induced Intracranial Hypertension/Vision Alterations (Short Title:

VIIP) VIIP Link to HRR

HHC

Risk of Decompression Sickness (Short Title: DCS) DCS Link to HRR

HHC

Risk of Reduced Crew Health and Performance Due to Hypobaric Hypoxia (Short

Title: Exploration Atmosphere) Exploration Atmosphere Link to HRR (To be added

once developed)

HHC

Risk of Performance Decrement and Crew Illness Due to Inadequate Food and

Nutrition (Short Title: Food & Nutrition) Food Link to HRR, Nutrition Link to HRR

HHC

Risk of Adverse Health Effects Due to Host-Microorganism Interactions (Short Title:

Microhost) Microhost Link to HRR

ExMC

Risk of Adverse Health and Performance Effects of Celestial Dust Exposure (Short

Title: Dust) Dust Link to HRR

ExMC

Risk of Adverse Health Outcomes and Decrements in Performance Due to In-flight

Medical Conditions (Short Title: ExMC) ExMC Link to HRR

ExMC

Risk of Renal Stone Formation (Short Title: Renal) Renal Link to HRR

ExMC

HHC

Risk of Bone Fracture Due to Spaceflight Induced Changes to Bone (Short Title:

Fracture) Fracture Link to HRR, Osteo Link to HRR

ExMC

Risk of Ineffective or Toxic Medications Due to Long Term Storage (Short Title:

Stability) Stability Link to HRR

HFBP

Risk of Reduced Crew Performance and of Injury Due to Inadequate Human-System

Interaction Design (Short Title: HSID) Hab Link to HRR, MPTask Link to HRR,

HARI Link to HRR, HCI Link to HRR, Train Link to HRR

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HRP

Element

Title

HFBP

Risk of Injury from Dynamic Loads (Short Title: Occupant Protection) Occupant

Protection Link to HRR

HFBP

Risk of Adverse Cognitive or Behavioral Conditions and Psychiatric Disorders (Short

Title: BMed) BMed Link to HRR

HFBP

Risk of Performance Decrements and Adverse Health Outcomes Resulting from Sleep

Loss, Circadian Desynchronization, and Work Overload (Short Title: Sleep) Sleep

Link to HRR

HFBP

Risk of Performance and Behavioral Health Decrements Due to Inadequate

Cooperation, Coordination, Communication, and Psychosocial Adaptation within a

Team (Short Title: Team) Team Link to HRR

Risk of Adverse Health Outcomes and Performance Decrements Resulting from Space

Radiation Exposure (Short Title: Radiation) CNS Link to HRR, ARS Link to HRR,

Degen Link to HRR, Cancer Link to HRR

Table 4 – Human System Health and Performance Concerns Addressed by HRP

HRP

Element

Title

HHC

Concern of Clinically Relevant Unpredicted Effects of Medication (Short Title:

PK/PD) PK/PD Link to HRR

HHC

Concern of Intervertebral Disc Damage Upon and Immediately After Re-Exposure to

Gravity (Short Title: IVD) IVD Link to HRR

5.1 RISK ASSESSMENT METHODS

The HRP shall use qualitative and quantitative methods to assess the HH&P risks associated with

human spaceflight for exploration missions.

Rationale: In many cases, there is a large uncertainty associated with the risk due

to lack of controlled spaceflight (or ground analog) experimental evidence. This

HRP requirement is to determine the likelihood and consequences of the risks

using, at minimum, qualitative means, and implementing quantitative methods

when data are available to support a meaningful assessment. The uncertainties

associated with these quantities should be narrowed to the target values identified

by each standard or to the greatest extent practical to facilitate risk mitigation

through proper decisions for exploration hardware and software design and

mission design. The risk assessment information produced by HRP is captured in

the HSRB Risk Summaries.

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5.1.1 The HFBP shall qualitatively or quantitatively assess the HFBP-applicable risks

identified in Table 3.

5.1.2 The ExMC shall qualitatively or quantitatively assess the ExMC-applicable risks

identified in Table 3.

5.1.3 The HHC shall qualitatively or quantitatively assess the HHC-applicable risks identified

in Table 3.

5.1.4 The SR shall qualitatively or quantitatively assess the SR-applicable risks identified in

Table 3.

5.2 HRP PROGRAM SCIENCE MANAGEMENT OFFICE (PSMO) SUPPORT

The HRP Program Science Management Office (PSMO) shall develop ways to improve the

approaches for assessing the integration of HH&P risks associated with human spaceflight for

exploration missions.

Rationale: The risks often have inter-relationships and interdependencies. The

PSMO must evaluate the risks to identify and quantify these inter-relationships

and interdependencies, and provide an assessment of the risks from an integrated

perspective. This will help focus HRP efforts and ensure proper decision making.

5.3 COUNTERMEASURE AND TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT

The HRP Elements shall develop countermeasures and technologies, or inform mission and

vehicle requirements, to prevent or mitigate HH&P Risks.

Rationale: Each risk is written with respect to an adverse outcome. The intent of

the HRP is to prevent the adverse outcome from occurring through development

and validation of novel countermeasures (devices, drugs, procedures, etc.),

providing research evidence that supports the mission and vehicle design

processes, and developing design requirements that will mitigate the adverse

outcome. In this context, “mitigate” means “reduce the severity” or “reduce the

probability of the adverse outcome” or both.

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5.3.1 The HFBP shall develop countermeasures and technologies, or provide research evidence

to inform mission and vehicle requirements, to prevent or mitigate adverse outcomes of

HFBP-applicable risks identified in Table 3.

5.3.2 The ExMC shall develop countermeasures and technologies, or provide research

evidence to inform mission and vehicle requirements, to prevent or mitigate adverse

outcomes of ExMC-applicable risks identified in Table 3.

5.3.3 The HHC shall develop countermeasures and technologies, or provide research evidence

to inform mission and vehicle requirements, to prevent or mitigate adverse outcomes of

HHC-applicable risks identified in Table 3.

5.3.4 The SR shall develop countermeasures and technologies, or provide research evidence to

inform mission and vehicle requirements, to prevent or mitigate adverse outcomes of SR-

applicable risks identified in Table 3.

5.4 DEVELOPMENT OF METHODS AND TECHNOLOGIES TO MONITOR AND

TREAT

The HRP Elements shall develop methods and technologies to monitor and treat adverse

outcomes of HH&P Risks.

Rationale: If a risk cannot be mitigated adequately, the human must be monitored

for indicators of an adverse outcome, and treatment methods should be developed.

5.4.1 The HFBP shall develop methods and technologies to monitor and treat adverse

outcomes of HFBP-applicable risks identified in Table 3.

5.4.2 The ExMC shall develop methods and technologies to monitor and treat adverse

outcomes of ExMC-applicable risks identified in Table 3.

5.4.3 The HHC shall develop methods and technologies to monitor and treat adverse outcomes

of HHC-applicable risks identified in Table 3.

5.4.4 The SR shall develop methods and technologies to monitor indicators of adverse

outcomes of SR-applicable risks identified in Table 3.

5.5 PROVISION OF SUPPORTING EVIDENCE

The HRP Elements shall provide evidence to support a determination of status for a concern.

Rationale: Elements provide evidence to the HSRB to help determine if a concern

should remain a concern, be recognized as a risk, or be recognized as a topic

which does not require further resources to address.

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5.5.1 The HFBP shall provide evidence to support determination of status for HFBP-applicable

concerns identified in Table 4.

5.5.2 The ExMC shall provide evidence to support determination of status for ExMC-

applicable concerns identified in Table 4.

5.5.3 The HHC shall provide evidence to support determination of status for HHC-applicable

concerns identified in Table 4.

5.5.4 The SR shall provide evidence to support determination of status for SR-applicable

concerns identified in Table 4.

6 HRP REQUIREMENTS RELATED TO ENABLING CAPABILITIES

6.1 PROVISION OF ENABLING CAPABILITIES

The HRP shall provide enabling capabilities to facilitate human space exploration with respect to

the human system.

Rationale: Ensuring human exploration requires some infrastructure or activities

that do not readily fall into a specific research and technology development

category. The requirements below are intended to provide NASA with the

necessary infrastructure or capabilities to implement the research and technology

work required to update, inform, and validate standards and to address the risks

relevant to HH&P.

6.1.1 The ISSMP shall integrate and plan for the execution of HRP research tasks requiring

access to space or flight analog environments.

Rationale: Access to space research platforms (i.e. the ISS and all ISS

visiting vehicles that transport crew and/or cargo to and from the ISS) and

flight analogs is required to study and/or validate many of the items in

sections 4 and 5. The ISSMP serves as the service and interface to

integrate across all HRP Elements, and optimize the research plans

requiring analog access. The ISSMP ensures that data generated are

returned to the investigator.

In the course of research and technology development, each HRP Element may encounter the

need to perform studies in a ground-based space analog environment (e.g., bed-rest facility,

Antarctica). Each Element, with support from ISSMP, is responsible for the selection and/or

validation of the appropriate analogs and the necessary planning, integration, and execution.

Large resource commitments to analog facilities must be reflected in the Element Research Plan

so that the cost-benefit to the HRP is clear.

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6.1.2 The PSMO and the NASA medical community shall provide a data integration and

management function to ensure proper handling of and access to HRP data.

Rationale: Access to data is critically important to advancing the state of

knowledge of the human system in space. A data integration and

management function includes the proper archiving of historical research

data (e.g., the Life Sciences Data Archive-LSDA) and organizing medical

and research data to provide proper security levels, allow access by query,

and to provide tools to allow analysis of evidence (e.g., Integrated Medical

Model and the Integrated Medical Evidence Database).

6.2 PRESERVATION AND MAINTENANCE OF CORE TECHNICAL

CAPABILITIES AND EXPERTISE

The HRP shall ensure preservation and maintenance of core technical capabilities and expertise

in human research and technology development.

Rationale: The core competencies are those which are necessary to maintain and

nurture an understanding of the existing evidence base regarding risks to humans

due to spaceflight. This requirement involves sustaining and maintaining a

dedicated scientific and management workforce, publicly documenting the

evidence and a robust external scientific community to provide stability over the

multi-decadal implementation of the vision for space exploration. The core

competencies are necessary to facilitate the following:

Strategic planning. The identification and prioritization of the risks to the human

system and development and execution of long-range research plans to quantify,

prevent, and mitigate risks, and treat adverse outcomes requires competency of

both the internal and external research communities to ensure proper and focused

direction.

Acquisition development, planning, and execution. Acquisition of research and

technology development requires core expertise within the civil service to ensure

that the U.S. Government remains a “smart buyer” with respect to research and

technology development for the human system.

Operations support for near-real time and real-time operational decisions

involving the human system and environment. Laboratory facilities and the

expertise to run them and interpret results are necessary to support an ongoing

evaluation of the human system response to the space environment and to support

the medical operations function during a mission. This involves utilizing the

internal HRP community as much as possible, and to some extent, facilitating the

participation of the external community where uniquely specialized expertise

must be sought.

The requirement is written at the HRP level and not specifically allocated to the Program

Elements. However, the Program Elements shall provide inputs regarding their core competency

needs and issues. As part of the annual Planning, Programming, Budgeting, and Execution

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(PPBE) process, Program Management will review the core technical capabilities of the Program

Elements and adjust where appropriate.

6.3 COMPLIANCE WITH APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS

The HRP Elements shall ensure that their processes and products comply with the NASA Policy

Directives and NASA Procedural Requirements listed in the table of Applicable Documents in

Section 2.1.

Rationale: Table 1 includes the NASA Policy Directives (NPD) and NASA

Procedural Requirements (NPR) specifically referenced by HRP-47051, HRP

Program Plan. This requirement explicitly states which NPR and NPD are

applicable to the HRP and ensures that the requirement is flowed down to the

Program Element level. Identification of specific NPR or NPD applicability falls

upon each individual Element and Project when the Project Plan is defined. The

intent of this requirement is to ensure HRP compliance with these documents

within the normal processes and product development ongoing in the HRP.

6.4 OPTIMIZATION OF METHODS AND TECHNOLOGIES

The HRP Elements shall develop methods and technologies to reduce human systems resource

requirements (mass, volume, power, data, etc.).

Rationale: Methods and technologies that reduce the human systems resource

requirements for mass, volume, power, data, etc. must be developed to reduce the

overall exploration resource requirements. Each HRP research element must

focus the research on producing countermeasures and technologies that fit within

the extremely limited resource envelopes anticipated for the exploration mission.

An example is the reduction in time dedicated to exercise prescriptions. Present

exercise prescriptions present a large burden on the overall mission timeline.

6.4.1 The HHC shall develop methods and technologies to reduce human systems resource

requirements (mass, volume, power, crew time, etc.).

6.4.2 The HFBP shall develop methods and technologies to reduce human systems resource

requirements (mass, volume, power, crew time, etc.).

6.4.3 The SR shall develop methods and technologies to reduce human systems resource

requirements (mass, volume, power, crew time, etc.).

6.4.4 The ExMC shall develop methods and technologies to reduce human systems resource

requirements (mass, volume, power, crew time, etc.).

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APPENDIX A: ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

Ascent Module

ARS

Acute Radiation Sickness

Bmed

Behavioral Conditions & Psychiatric Disorders

Crew Module, Configuration Management

CNS

Central Nervous System

Change Request

DCS

Decompression Sickness

Degen

Degenerative

Descent Module

DRM

Design Reference Mission

DSH

Deep Space Habitat

e.g.

For Example

EDL

Entry, Descent, and Landing

ESD

Exploration Systems Development

EVA

Extravehicular Activity

ExMC

Exploration Medical Capability

Gravity

Hab

Habitat

HARI

Human & Automation/Robotic Integration

HCI

Human-Computer Interaction

HEOMD

Human Exploration and Operations Mission Directorate

HFBP

Human Factors and Behavioral Performance

HH&P

Human Health & Performance

HHC

Human Health Countermeasures

HMTA

Health & Medical Technical Authority

HRP

Human Research Program

HRPCB

Human Research Program Control Board

HRR

Human Research Roadmap

HSRB

Human System Risk Board

iMED

Integrated Medical Evidence Database

IMM

Integrated Medical Model

IRP

Integrated Research Plan

ISS

International Space Station

ISSMP

ISS Medical Projects

IVD

Intervertebral Disc

JSC

Johnson Space Center

First Lagrangian Point

Second Lagrangian Point

LAS

Launch Abort System

LEO

Low Earth Orbit

LSDA

Life Sciences Data Archive

MCC

Mission Control Center

Microhost

Host-Microorganism

MPCV

Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle

MPTASK

Mission, Process, and Task

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N/A

Not Applicable

NASA

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

NEA

Near-Earth Asteroid

NPD

NASA Procedural Directive

NPR

NASA Procedural Requirements

OCHMO

Office of the Chief Health and Medical Office

Orthostatic Intolerance

Osteo

Osteoporosis

PCA

Program Commitment Agreement

PCN

Page Change Notice

Pharmacodynamics

PEL

Permissible Exposure Limit

Pharmacokinetics

PPBE

Planning, Programming, Budgeting, and Execution

PRD

Program Requirements Document

PSMO

Program Science Management Office

Rev.

Revision

R&T

Research and Technology

REM

Robotics and EVA Module

Spacecraft Adaptor

SEV

Space Exploration Vehicle

Suit Lock/Suit Port

SLSD

Space Life Sciences Directorate

Service Module

Space Radiation

STD

Standards

TBD

To Be Determined

TEI

Trans-Earth Insertion

U.S.

United States

UPCG

Unique Processes, Criteria, and Guidelines

VIIP

Visual Impairment/Intracranial Pressure

Vol.

Volume

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APPENDIX B: DRM DESCRIPTIONS AND ASSUMPTIONS

The HSRB identifies several DRM categories against which HH&P risks are to be evaluated and

the OCHMO risk posture developed. These DRM categories are shown in Figure 2.

Source: JSC 66705, Human System Risk Management Plan

Figure 2: HSRB DRM Categories

Examples of missions that would fall into the DRM categories:

Low Earth Orbit: ISS6, ISS12, Commercial Suborbital, commercial visits to ISS, future

commercial platforms in LEO

Deep Space Sortie: MPCV test flights, moon fly around or landing, visits to L1/L2, deep space

excursion

Lunar Visit/Habitation: Staying on the surface more than 30 days (less than 30 days would be

similar)

Deep Space Journey/Habitation: L1/L2 habitation, asteroid visit, journey to planets

Planetary Visit/Habitation: Living on a planetary surface, Mars & extended journey to and

from in microgravity

These DRM categories provide a framework to identify key capabilities and important guiding

drivers and assumptions to help HRP focus its research questions on topics relevant to NASA’s

future activities. Although these mission types share similar HH&P challenges, each also

includes specific challenges that depend on the nature of the mission and the mission

development schedule. The HRP research and technology development

plan/schedule/framework is phased to supply appropriate deliverables in time to meet the

challenges of each mission type.

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At this time, the current DRM parameters defined in the Human System Risk Management Plan

are still in development. In order to guide HRP in properly developing and maturing operations

concepts that will inform requirements for the design and operation of space vehicles and

habitats, additional parameters are needed.

This section provides additional assumptions pertaining to general aspects of the specific

missions for which HRP is focusing research plan development, and is intended to complement

agency DRM information. This list hopes to define a more useful set of mission guidelines that

HRP can utilize in its research planning and risk assessment. These DRM assumptions provide

the bounding conditions and trade space for defining future spaceflight capabilities and key

performance drivers required to achieve mission objectives. Information regarding the Space

Exploration Vehicle (SEV), Deep Space Habitat (DSH), and Robotics and EVA Module (REM)

were obtained from ESD 10012, Exploration Systems Development (ESD) Concept of

Operations. Information about missions supported by the Commercial Crew Program is from

CCT-DRM-1110, Revision Basic-3, Crew Transportation System Design Reference Missions.

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Low Earth Orbit (LEO): ISS 6-Month Mission Assumptions

Crew Size

• 4 crew members (will have interaction with additional 4 ISS crew members that will be

in 6-month rotation cycle)

Mission Duration

• 6 months (including transit)

Gravity Environment

• Microgravity

Radiation Environment

• LEO – Van Allen Belt

Earth Return

• 1 day or less

Role of Ground Support/Mission Control Center (MCC)

• Real-time communication

• Ground personnel support provided real time

o On-board operations (e.g. monitoring/controlling systems during the crew sleep

period, operating or assisting the operation of robotic systems)

o Managing and replanning schedule as necessary

o Training support (e.g., medical evaluations using ultrasound can be performed with

real time support from a flight surgeon)

Resupply and Sample Return

• 1 resupply mission (e.g. for consumables and spare parts and sample return)

Crew Habitation

• Soyuz spacecraft transportation to/from ISS

• Commercial crew carrier sized for a minimum of 4 people

• ISS volume is approximately 388 cubic meters

Crew Timeline/Activities

• Crew sleep, pre/post sleep activities to include galley operations and personal hygiene,

exercise, review/development of crew planned activities/schedule

• Science/payload operations and vehicle system management/maintenance as required

• Interaction with ground control center

• 1-2 EVAs per increment in a nominal mission

Exercise Equipment

• Available equipment that will allow the crew to perform current exercise prescriptions

HRP Constraints/Implied Requirements

• Adequate vehicle or habitat shielding, dosimetry, and operational procedures in place to

prevent exposures above 30-day permissible dose limits

Pre/Post Mission Assumptions

• Some HRP investigations will allow flexibility in their requirements for significant crew

time in the immediate post-flight measurements (R+1 week especially).

• Medical testing conducted during the first week postflight will occur as usual.

• Requirements with minimal crew time commitments (e.g., blood, urine and saliva

collections) may still be performed.

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Low Earth Orbit (LEO): ISS 12-Month Mission Assumptions

Crew Size

• 2 crew members (will have interaction with additional 4 ISS crew members that will be

in 6-month rotation cycle)

Mission Duration

• 12 months (including transit)

Gravity Environment

• Microgravity

Radiation Environment

• LEO – Van Allen Belt

Earth Return

• 1 day or less

Role of Ground Support / Mission Control Center (MCC)

• Real-time communication

• Ground personnel support provided real-time

o On-board operations (e.g., monitoring/controlling systems during the crew sleep

period, operating or assisting the operation of robotic systems)

o Managing and replanning schedule as necessary

o Training support (e.g., medical evaluations using ultrasound can be performed with

real time support from a flight surgeon)

Resupply and Sample Return

• 1-2 resupply missions (e.g., for consumables and spare parts and sample return)

Crew Habitation

• Soyuz spacecraft transportation to/from ISS

• Commercial crew carrier sized for a minimum of 4 people

• ISS volume is approximately 388 cubic meters.

Crew Timeline/Activities

• Crew sleep, pre/post sleep activities to include galley operations and personal hygiene,

exercise, review/development of crew planned activities/schedule.

• Science/payload operations and vehicle system management/maintenance as required

• Interaction with ground control center

• Up to 4 EVAs per crew member in a nominal mission

Exercise Equipment

• Available equipment that will allow the crew to perform current exercise prescriptions.

HRP Constraints/Implied Requirements

• Adequate vehicle or habitat shielding, dosimetry, and operational procedures in place to

prevent exposures above 30-day permissible dose limits.

Pre/Post Mission Assumptions

• Some HRP investigations will allow flexibility in their requirements for significant crew

time in the immediate post-flight measurements (R+1 week especially).

• Medical testing conducted during the first week postflight will occur as usual.

• Requirements with minimal crew time commitments (e.g., blood, urine and saliva

collections) may still be performed.

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Deep Space Sortie Mission Assumptions

Crew Size

• 4 crew members

Mission Duration

• 1 month (including transit)

Gravity Environment

• Microgravity

Radiation Environment

• LEO – Van Allen Belt

Earth Return

• Less than 5 days

Role of Ground Support/MCC

• Communication delay of about 2.5 seconds round trip

• Ground personnel support provided in near real-time

o On-board operations (e.g., monitoring/controlling systems during the crew sleep

period)

o Managing and replanning schedule as necessary

o Training support (e.g., medical evaluations using ultrasound can be performed with

near real-time support from a flight surgeon)

• No ground support in terms of ‘watching over the shoulder’ during robotics operations

Crew Habitation

• MPCV:

o Consists of a Crew Module (CM), a Service Module (SM), Spacecraft Adaptor (SA)

and a Launch Abort System (LAS). The CM provides a habitable pressurized volume

to support crew members and cargo during all phases of a given mission.

o Includes flight suits designed for the different roles required to allow crew members

to perform launch, entry, exploration and extravehicular servicing and repair

operations.

• Lunar Lander:

o Consists of a three-module vehicle configuration - the Descent Module (DM), the

Ascent Module (AM), and a Suit Lock/Suit Port (SL) module. The suit ports

minimize the time required for the crew members to don suits and begin surface

EVA, and minimize atmosphere losses.

• EVA Deep Space Suit:

o Allows crew members to perform exploration and extravehicular servicing and repair

operations. The suit provides life support, environmental protection and

communications capability to the EVA crew member while allowing sufficient

mobility to perform dexterous EVA tasks.

o The Block 1 EVA Deep Space Suit is a separate suit element from the MPCV flight

suits and is configured for microgravity EVA capability, designed for upper body

mobility and worksite stabilization. The Block 2 EVA Surface Suit provides surface

EVA capability on objects with a gravity field and no atmosphere, such as the Moon.

• Space Exploration Vehicle (SEV):

o Combines a pressurized cabin and crew member support equipment, a

propulsion/consumables unit, and robotic support packages.

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o Provides habitation during transit, serves as an excursion spacecraft at mission

destinations, provides a robotic and robot-assisted exploration capability, and

provides simultaneous EVA capability for two crew members.

o Includes a system for physically securing the vehicle to external objects (e.g. NEAs,

satellites), dexterous manipulators for scientific and servicing/repair operations, and

an astronaut positioning system to facilitate EVA operations.

Sample Return

• All monitoring for microbial or toxic hazards must be performed on board.

• Sample return capability may be available for a very limited amount driven by MPCV or

Lunar Lander vehicle stowage capability.

Crew Timeline/Activities

• Transit:

o Crew sleep, pre/post sleep activities to include galley operations and personal

hygiene, exercise, review/development of crew planned activities/schedule.

o Science/payload operations (dependent on upmass capabilities) and vehicle system

management/maintenance as required

o Interaction with ground control center

o No planned or contingency EVAs during transit time

• Surface Operations:

o TBD EVAs per crew member

o EVA crew members egressing from the vehicle through an airlock or suitport

provided capability

o Paired EVAs that maximize the scientific and operational value of the mission.

Communication Delays

• Around 2.5 seconds round trip while on the lunar surface

Crew Logistics/Food

• No mission resupply to replenish the crew with logistical requirements during the entire

mission. All consumables and spare parts must be available from the habitable volume.

• MPCV and Lunar Lander module will have a food galley with the required capabilities

for the crew to prepare their meals. Majority of the food storage will be contained in the

Lunar Lander module under the required food storage constraints.

Exercise Equipment

• Available equipment that will allow the crew to perform current exercise prescriptions.

HRP Constraints/Implied Requirements

• Adequate vehicle or habitat shielding, dosimetry, and operational procedures in place to

prevent exposures above 30-day permissible dose limits.

Pre/Post Mission Assumptions

• TBD post-flight Baseline Data Collection will still be required, similar to ISS post-flight

protocols.

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Lunar Visit/Habitation Mission Assumptions

Crew Size

• 4 crew members

Mission Duration

• 1 year (including transit)

Gravity Environment

• 1/6

Earth gravity

Radiation Environment

• Lunar

Earth Return

• 5 days

Role of Ground Support / MCC

• Communication delay of about 2.5 seconds round trip

• Ground personnel support provided in near real-time

o On-board operations (e.g. monitoring/controlling systems during the crew sleep

period)

o Managing and replanning schedule as necessary

o Training (e.g., medical evaluations using ultrasound can be performed with near real-

time support from a flight surgeon)

• No ground support in terms of ‘watching over the shoulder’ during robotics operations

Crew Habitation

• MPCV:

o Consists of a Crew Module (CM), a Service Module (SM), Spacecraft Adaptor (SA)

and a Launch Abort System (LAS). The CM provides a habitable pressurized volume

to support crew members and cargo during all phases of a given mission.

o Includes flight suits designed for the different roles required to allow crew members

to perform launch, entry, exploration and extravehicular servicing and repair

operations.

• Lunar Lander:

o Consists of a three-module vehicle configuration - the Descent Module (DM), the

Ascent Module (AM), and a Suit Lock/Suit Port (SL) module. The suit ports

minimize the time required for the crew members to don suits and begin surface

EVA, and minimize atmosphere losses.

• EVA Deep Space Suit:

o Allows crew members to perform exploration and extravehicular servicing and repair

operations. The suit provides life support, environmental protection and

communications capability to the EVA crew member while allowing sufficient

mobility to perform dexterous EVA tasks.

o The Block 1 EVA Deep Space Suit is a separate suit element from the MPCV flight

suits and is configured for microgravity EVA capability, designed for upper body

mobility and worksite stabilization. The Block 2 EVA Surface Suit provides surface

EVA capability on objects with a gravity field and no atmosphere, such as the Moon.

Robotics

• Robotics and EVA Module (REM):

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o Provides infrastructure necessary for extravehicular human and robotic operations,

transportation element maintenance and repair, movement of equipment and

payloads, anchoring or tethering of external bodies (e.g. satellite), extraction of cargo,

and deployment of payloads in Earth orbit for independent entry.

o Consists of a suitlock with two suitports, at least one robotic arm with a grapple

fixture and EVA positioning end effectors, an international docking system standard

interface, an external equipment pallet, a crew lock, and mounting points to which

elements and payload hardware can be mounted.

Sample Return

• All monitoring for microbial or toxic hazards must be performed on board.

• Sample return capability may be available for a very limited amount driven by MPCV or

Lunar Lander vehicle stowage capability.

Crew Timeline/Activities

• Transit:

o Crew sleep, pre/post sleep activities to include galley operations and personal

hygiene, exercise, review/development of crew planned activities/schedule.

o Science/payload operations (dependent on upmass capabilities) and vehicle system

management/maintenance as required

o Interaction with ground control center

o No planned or contingency EVAs during transit time

• Surface Operations:

o TBD EVAs per crew member

o EVA crew members egressing from the vehicle through an airlock or suitport

provided capability

o Paired EVAs that maximize the scientific and operational value of the mission.

Communication Delays

• Around 2.5 seconds round trip while on the lunar surface

Crew Logistics/Food

• No mission resupply to replenish the crew with logistical requirements during the entire

mission. All consumables and spare parts must be available from the habitable volume.

• MPCV and Lunar Lander module will have a food galley with the required capabilities

for the crew to prepare their meals. Majority of the food storage will be contained in the

Lunar Lander module under the required food storage constraints.

Exercise Equipment

• Available equipment that will allow the crew to perform current exercise prescriptions.

HRP Constraints/Implied Requirements

• Adequate vehicle or habitat shielding, dosimetry, and operational procedures in place to

prevent exposures above 30-day permissible dose limits.

• It is assumed that the Mars DRM will follow Level of Care Five standards in NASA-

STD-3001 Vol. 1 for crewmember training and caliber: "The training and caliber of the

caregiver shall be at the physician level, due to the exclusively autonomous nature of the

mission."

Pre/Post Mission Assumptions

• TBD post-flight Baseline Data Collection will still be required, similar to ISS post-flight

protocols.

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Deep Space Journey/Habitation Mission Assumptions

Crew Size

• 3 crew members

Mission Duration

• 1 year (including transit)

Gravity Environment

• Microgravity

Radiation Environment

• Deep space

Earth Return

• Weeks to months

Role of Ground Support / MCC

• Communication delay of up to 30 seconds

• Ground personnel support provided in overall ‘batch mode’ rather than immediate or real

time

o On-board operations (e.g., monitoring/controlling systems during crew sleep with

some delay, some delay in supporting operation of robotics systems)

o Managing and replanning schedule with some delay

o Training (e.g., training materials sent in ‘batch mode’, some delay in support from a

flight surgeon for medical evaluations such as ultrasound)

Crew Habitation

• MPCV:

o Consists of a Crew Module (CM), a Service Module (SM), Spacecraft Adaptor (SA)

and a Launch Abort System (LAS). The CM provides a habitable pressurized volume

to support crew members and cargo during all phases of a given mission.

o Includes flight suits designed for the different roles required to allow crew members

to perform launch, entry, exploration and extravehicular servicing and repair

operations.

• Space Exploration Vehicle (SEV):

o Combines a pressurized cabin and crew member support equipment, a

propulsion/consumables unit, and robotic support packages.

o Provides habitation during transit, serves as an excursion spacecraft at mission

destinations, provides a robotic and robot-assisted exploration capability, and

provides simultaneous EVA capability for two crew members.

o Includes a system for physically securing the vehicle to external objects (e.g. NEAs,

satellites), dexterous manipulators for scientific and servicing/repair operations, and

an astronaut positioning system to facilitate EVA operations.

• Deep Space Habitat (DSH):

o Provides a pressurized environment in which crew members live and work during

extended transit phases and while at exploration destinations for longer duration

missions.

o Provides all of the resources necessary to support the crew members during this

timeframe and carries additional supplies and spares for the rest of the stack. The

DSH can be divided into separable pressurized volumes, with each section having at

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least one docking port capable of supporting crew members transfer and

accommodating either the MPCV and/or SEV vehicles.

o During integrated stack operations, the DSH provides life support functions

throughout the docked habitable elements. The DSH provides radiation protection

and is expected to include crew member accommodations such as food preparation,

cleaning equipment, photography equipment, and exercise equipment. Pressurized

logistics and spares are stowed as well.

Robotics

• Robotics and EVA Module (REM):

o Provides infrastructure necessary for extravehicular human and robotic operations,

transportation element maintenance and repair, movement of equipment and

payloads, anchoring or tethering of external bodies (e.g. satellite), extraction of cargo,

and deployment of payloads in Earth orbit for independent entry.

o Consists of a suitlock with two suitports, at least one robotic arm with a grapple

fixture and EVA positioning end effectors, an international docking system standard

interface, an external equipment pallet, a crew lock, and mounting points to which

elements and payload hardware can be mounted.

Sample Return

• All monitoring for microbial or toxic hazards must be performed on board.

• No sample return will be possible.

Crew Timeline/Activities

• Transit:

o Crew sleep, pre/post sleep activities to include galley operations and personal

hygiene, exercise, review/development of crew planned activities/schedule.

o Science/payload operations (dependent on upmass capabilities) and vehicle system

management/maintenance as required

o Interaction with ground control center

o No planned or contingency EVAs during transit time

• Surface Operations:

o TBD EVAs per crew member

o During EVA activities, crew will be augmented with robotic support, and will be able

to perform NEA surface operations only utilizing their robotics capabilities.

o Vehicle design will provide a physical containment area for surface samples to isolate

the crewmembers from any Asteroid surface materials that they may bring back to

Earth.

o Surface operations will subject the EVA crew to a possible microgravity field while

on the surface.

Communication Delays

• Expect communication delays between the crew and the ground control center to increase

from zero during Low Earth Orbit (LEO) to up to approximately 30 seconds at NEA

arrival, with the same duration impact during return to Earth.

• Due to the communication delay, the crew is expected to perform autonomous operations

as required.

Crew Logistics/Food

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• No mission resupply to replenish the crew of logistical requirements during the entire

mission. All consumables and spare parts must be provided at the start of the mission

and available from the habitable volume.

• Habitation module will have a food galley with the required capabilities for the crew to

prepare their meals. Food storage will be contained in the habitation module under the

required food storage constraints.

Exercise Equipment

• Available equipment that will allow the crew to perform current exercise prescriptions.

HRP Constraints/Implied Requirements

• Adequate vehicle or habitat shielding, dosimetry, and operational procedures in place to

prevent exposures above 30-day permissible dose limits.

• It is assumed that the Mars DRM will follow Level of Care Five standards in NASA-

STD-3001 Vol. 1 for crewmember training and caliber: "The training and caliber of the

caregiver shall be at the physician level, due to the exclusively autonomous nature of the

mission."

Pre/Post Mission Assumptions

• TBD post-flight Baseline Data Collection will still be required, but protocols will need to

consider degree of crew de-conditioning after a 1-yr mission.

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Planetary Visit/Habitation Mission Assumptions

Crew Size

• 6 crew members

Mission Duration

• Total mission duration from launch to crew return approximately 3 years

• Transfer to and from Mars on the order of 6 months, the stay on the Martian surface on

the order of 18 months

Gravity Environment

• 3/8

Earth Gravity and microgravity

Radiation Environment

• Planetary (i.e., planet has no magnetic poles, limited atmosphere)

Earth Return

• Months

Role of Ground Support / MCC

• Communication delay of up to 22 minutes to Mars surface.

• Ground personnel support provided in overall ‘batch mode’ rather than immediate or

real-time.

o On-board operations (e.g. monitoring/controlling systems during crew sleep with

significant delay - crew must be able to stabilize systems for all contingencies for up

to 44 minutes without any ground assistance, significant delay in supporting operation

of robotic systems - autonomous operations during the communication delay)

o Managing and replanning schedule with significant delay

o Training (e.g., training materials sent in ‘batch mode’, significant delay in support

from a flight surgeon for medical evaluations such as ultrasound)

Crew Habitation

• MPCV:

o Consists of a Crew Module (CM), a Service Module (SM), Spacecraft Adaptor (SA)

and a Launch Abort System (LAS). The CM provides a habitable pressurized volume

to support crew members and cargo during all phases of a given mission.

o Includes flight suits designed for the different roles required to allow crew members

to perform launch, entry, exploration and extravehicular servicing and repair

operations.

• Deep Space Habitat (DSH):

o Provides a pressurized environment in which crew members live and work during

extended transit phases and while at exploration destinations for longer duration

missions.

o Provides all of the resources necessary to support the crew members during this

timeframe and carries additional supplies and spares for the rest of the stack. The

DSH can be divided into separable pressurized volumes, with each section having at

least one docking port capable of supporting crew members transfer and

accommodating either the MPCV and/or SEV vehicles.

o During integrated stack operations, the DSH provides life support functions

throughout the docked habitable elements. The DSH provides radiation protection

and is expected to include crew member accommodations such as food preparation,

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cleaning equipment, photography equipment, and exercise equipment. Pressurized

logistics and spares are stowed as well.

• Surface Habitat:

o (Details to be added once available.)

Crew Timeline/Activities

• Transit:

o Crew sleep, pre/post sleep activities to include galley operations and personal

hygiene, exercise, review/development of crew planned activities/schedule.

o Science/payload operations (dependent on upmass capabilities) and vehicle system

management/maintenance as required

o Interaction with ground control center

o No planned or contingency EVAs during transit

• Surface Operations:

o General outline of crew activities established before the launch, but updated

throughout the mission. Outline contains detailed activities to ensure initial crew

safety, basic assumptions for initial science activities, schedule of periodic vehicle

and system checkout, and plan for certain number of sorties. The crew will plan

specific activities derived from the general objectives defined on Earth.

o Landing operations expected to be fully automated with minimal crew interaction

during the landing sequence.

o Crew will be in a recumbent position during all Entry, Descent, and Landing (EDL)

operations.

o After crew acclimation period of a few weeks, initial surface activities would focus

on transitioning from a “Lander mode” to a fully functional surface habitat.

o During the 18-month stay on the Martian Surface, the six (6) crewmembers are

expected to perform multiple EVAs and interact as directly as possible with the

planet. Field work to be completed in the vicinity of the surface base via EVAs

assisted by pressurized and unpressurized rovers.

− Mars surface EVAs would be conducted by a minimum of two people and

maximum of four.

− If unpressurized rovers are used, an additional operational constraint would be

imposed on the EVA team.

− If one rover is used, the EVA team would be constrained to operate within

rescue range of the surface base.

Communication Delays/Dropouts

• Expected communication delays between the crew and the ground control center will

increase from zero during LEO to up to 6-8 minutes at Mars arrival with the same

duration impact during return to Earth. During the Mars surface operations, these delays

could go up to 22 minutes.

• Due to the communication delay, the crew is expected to perform autonomous operations

as required.

• Due to communication delays and periods of unavailable communication, the crew is

expected to perform autonomous operations as required.

Crew Logistics/Food

• The mission to Mars will consist of the crew habitation modules listed above (MPCV,

DSH) and surface habitat.

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• All consumables and spare parts must be provided at the start of the mission and

available from the habitable volume.

• Food carried aboard the transit habitat includes transit consumables needed for the round-

trip journey plus contingency consumables required to maintain the crew should all or

part of the surface mission be aborted.

• If the crew is forced to return to the orbiting vehicle, which would be used as an orbital

“safe haven” until the Trans-Earth Insertion (TEI) window opens, any contingency food

remaining onboard the crewed vehicle would be jettisoned prior to the TEI burn to return

home.

• The habitation module will have a food galley with the required capabilities for the crew

to prepare their meals. Food storage will be contained in the cargo module under the

required food storage constraints.

Resupply and Sample Return

• No mission resupply to replenish the crew of logistical requirements.

• All monitoring for microbial or toxic hazards must be performed on board.

• Sample return feasibility still to be determined.

Exercise Equipment

• Available equipment that will allow the crew to perform current exercise prescriptions.

HRP Constraints/Implied Requirements

• During Mars atmosphere entry (5-g), crew will be in a recumbent position until landing

operations are complete. The vehicle design will not require the crew to be in an upright

standing posture during entry.

• Countermeasures that support the Orthostatic Intolerance (OI) will be provided in support

to any OI related events (e.g., Mars atmosphere entry).

• Adequate vehicle or habitat shielding, dosimetry, and operational procedures in place to

prevent exposures above 30-day permissible dose limits.

• It is assumed that the Mars DRM will follow Level of Care Five standards in NASA-

STD-3001 Vol. 1 for crewmember training and caliber: "The training and caliber of the

caregiver shall be at the physician level, due to the exclusively autonomous nature of the

mission."

Pre/Post Mission Assumptions

• TBD post-flight Baseline Data Collection will still be required, but protocols will need to

consider degree of crew de-conditioning after a 3-yr mission.

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APPENDIX C: HUMAN RISK DISPOSITIONS FOR ALL DRMS

Each risk is to be reviewed annually by the HSRB and a determination made of the risk posture

for each DRM category. This posture is reached after discussion about the likelihood and

consequence mapping on the LxC tables of the Risk Summaries and is communicated via the

Risk Disposition and Risk Disposition Rationale fields. The assessment considers if a risk can

be accepted as is or if further mitigation effort is warranted (see JSC 66705, paragraphs 3.4.1

through 3.4.5).

The following chart summarizes and depicts the risk dispositions for all the human system risks

in the HSRB risk portfolio, a subset of which is worked by HRP. The disposition for each risk is

given by operations or long term health consequence, and by DRM category.

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In-Flight Operations

Long-term Health