:@=9,7:1$07424:9478:@=9,7:1$07424:9478
(:7@80
>>@0
".?:-0=
=?4.70
".?:-0=
,4?3'9/0=?300/:=,9/4,9,:90>,9/?300=:4.:@=90D,4?3'9/0=?300/:=,9/4,9,:90>,9/?300=:4.:@=90D
&:B,=/>:/&:B,=/>:/
3=4>*:20=>?
'94A0=>4?D:1)4>.:9>49),>3492?:9:@9?D
.3=4>D:20=>?3:?8,47.:8
:77:B?34>,9/,//4?4:9,7B:=6>,?3??;>/424?,7.:88:9>@9:8,3,0/@5=1
#70,>0?,60:@=100/-,.6>@=A0D,?3??;>@9:8,3,,E<@,7?=4.>.:85101:=8
%(+..3?8;D1
$0.:8809/0/4?,?4:9$0.:8809/0/4?,?4:9
*:20=>?3=4>,4?3'9/0=?300/:=,9/4,9,:90>,9/?300=:4.:@=90D&:B,=/>:/
:@=9,7:1$07424:9478
(:7>>=?4.70
"3??;>/:4:=2@9:/.5=1
A,47,-70,?3??;>/424?,7.:88:9>@9:8,3,0/@5=1A:74>>
&34>=?4.704>-=:@23??:D:@1:=1=00,9/:;09,..0>>-D
424?,7:88:9>'!"?3,>-009,..0;?0/1:=
49.7@>4:949:@=9,7:1$07424:9478-D,9,@?3:=4E0/
0/4?:=:1424?,7:88:9>'!":=8:=0491:=8,?4:9
;70,>0.:9?,.?@9:/424?,7.:88:9>@9:8,3,0/@
,4?3'9/0=?300/:=,9/4,9,:90>,9/?300=:4.:@=90D&:B,=/>:/,4?3'9/0=?300/:=,9/4,9,:90>,9/?300=:4.:@=90D&:B,=/>:/
->?=,.?->?=,.?
&34>0>>,D0C;7:=0>3:B?30:=4249,79/4,9,:90>?=47:2D
$,4/0=>:1?30 :>?=6
&08;70:1::8
,9/
&30 ,>?=@>,/0
B:=6,>,>492705:@=90D?:B,=/>1,4?39?30F=>?F789/D1@77D=050.?>=07424:9,9/-D
?30?34=/F7830,..0;?>:/:B/:0>?34>3,;;099/D?,60>,5:@=90D-D0C;7:=492,=.30:7:2D
8D?3:7:2D,9/?30:7:2D?3,?4>-0>?0C08;74F0/-D:>0;3,8;-077>
&300=:)4?3,&3:@>,9/,.0>
4608,9D;0:;70B3:.:80?:F9/1,4?34?/:0>9:?:..@=:A0=9423?9/D?,60>,>4847,=;,?3@>49234>
.,=00=,9/,/A09?@=0=>?,?@>?:307;348F9/'7?48,?0&=@?3
0DB:=/>0DB:=/>
9/4,9,:90>%?0A09%;407-0=2:77DB::/,4?3$,/40=>:1?30 :>?=69/4,9,:90>,9/?30 ,>?
=@>,/09/4,9,:90>,9/?30&08;70:1::8
=0,?4A0:88:9> 4.09>0=0,?4A0:88:9> 4.09>0
&34>B:=64>74.09>0/@9/0=,=0,?4A0:88:9>??=4-@?4:9 4.09>0
@?3:=!:?0>@?3:=!:?0>
3=4>*:20=>??0,.30>F78,9/.:88@94.,?4:9.:@=>0>1:=?30'94A0=>4?D:1)4>.:9>49:77020>,9/
:9.:=/4,'94A0=>4?D)4>.:9>49
&34>,=?4.704>,A,47,-7049:@=9,7:1$07424:94783??;>/424?,7.:88:9>@9:8,3,0/@5=1A:74>>
Introduction
It is impossible to think of contemporary Hollywood without the influence of
Steven Spielberg, a name often associated with blockbuster films. However, the
filmmaker is much more than a big budget showman. By the 1980s, Spielberg had
“become a brand name.”
1
The success of his films allowed the director to make
whatever project he desired. The problem was that Spielberg’s financial success
led to criticism over the intellectual and personal depth of his work. Lester
Friedman writes, “it still seems quite odd that erudite books appear each year
which elaborate upon the works of obscure silent film directors or examine hip
filmmakers with a handful of movies to their credit, while the most successful
director of all time receives scant sustained critical attention.”
2
Maybe Spielberg
is just not stylish enough for the indie-loving hipsters or some academics that peer
down their noses at popular and successful filmmakers. This attitude is not easy to
understand towards a filmmaker who has a wide range of proven abilities as seen
in two successful and disparate 1993 films, Jurassic Park and Schindler’s List.
After interviewing Spielberg in 1994, Stephen Schiff compares Spielberg
to legends like Alfred Hitchcock and Orson Welles. Schiff argues that one of
Spielberg’s most important skills is the ability to “add information unobtrusively”
into his films.
3
The unobtrusive feeling of many films in Spielberg’s canon may
lead some to overlook key elements in his movies. Introducing a series of essays
1
Yogerst: Faith Under the Fedora
Published by DigitalCommons@UNO, 2014
on the director, Dean A. Kowalski writes, “no film director has had more impact
on popular culture than Steven Spielberg.”
4
It is difficult to argue with that, but
unfortunately none of the essays in the volume focus on Indiana Jones.
Understanding that Spielberg’s work is an essential ingredient for American
popular culture, this paper will focus on the famous and arguably important
adventure franchise. While there has been some recent scholarly interest in the
director, such as Elissa Nelson’s essay in The Journal of Popular Culture about
criticism towards Spielberg’s films, virtually no serious scholarship has focused
on his Indiana Jones franchise.
5
There is more significance to the Indiana Jones movies than some,
including the director, may even realize. This paper will explore how the original
Indiana Jones trilogy
6
(Raiders of the Lost Ark, The Temple of Doom, and The
Last Crusade) work together as a version of the Joseph Campbell inspired Hero’s
Journey. Instead of each individual film as a single journey, this study will look at
Indiana himself as he goes on a single journey. The focus shifts throughout the
three films from archeology, to mythology, and eventually to theology where
Indiana finds comfort in the faith he so easily rejected in the first film. As a single
journey, the first three Indy films are an example of a heroic journey that
ultimately ends with a newfound faith in God along with a reconnected family.
2
Journal of Religion & Film, Vol. 18 [2014], Iss. 2, Art. 7
https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/jrf/vol18/iss2/7
DOI: https://doi.org/10.32873/uno.dc.jrf.18.02.07
Background of the Hero’s Journey
Before analyzing the Indiana Jones trilogy, one must be familiar with The Hero’s
Journey that has been transformed and adapted numerous times, based on Joseph
Campbell’s The Hero with a Thousand Faces. Building on a long history of
mythology, Campbell suggests, “it would not be too much to say that myth is the
secret opening through which the inexhaustible energies of the cosmos pour into
the human cultural manifestation.”
7
Therefore, any sense of truth or relevancy,
part of what Campbell refers to as energies of the cosmos, behind any
mythological story comes through to us in the form of our surrounding culture.
This is the basis for Campbell’s hero as mythological figure.
The hero has changed and evolved or time; however, the structure of the
hero’s story has followed a similar path. Campbell outlines the hero’s journey at
length, with all of the stages and possibilities throughout the journey in the form
of departure toward the journey, initiation of conflict and problem resolution, and
return home. Campbell concludes his book, “it is not society that is to guide and
save the creative hero, but precisely the reverse.”
8
Heroes serve an important
purpose in our culture as they can stand as role models or represent cautionary
tales all while providing an avenue for people to assign meaning and purpose to
their lives. Campbell’s work also helps us understand why audiences may be
fascinated with a specific hero, such as Indiana Jones.
3
Yogerst: Faith Under the Fedora
Published by DigitalCommons@UNO, 2014
The imagination of Americans has long been shaped by Hollywood’s
depictions of heroic figures, most recently in the post-9/11 superhero cycle. Mike
Alsford, author of Heroes and Villains, writes, “It is…in the imagination that we
encounter heroes and villains in their most idealized form representing our purist
heroic ideals and villainous fears.”
9
The continued success of heroic figures in
film and other mediums is no surprise. After all, who does not want to see their
unobtainable ideals (absolute evil triumphed by absolute good) played out on the
big screen? While more complex heroes can be found in recent films, truly good
heroes like Indiana Jones still retain a place in popular culture.
10
Christopher Vogler, using Campbell as inspiration, famously put together
his Hero’s Journey that is now part of a larger text titled The Writer’s Journey:
Mythic Structure for Writers. In relation to the concept of the hero’s journey,
Vogler writes, “in any good story the hero grows and changes, making a journey
from one way of being to the next: from despair to hope, weakness to strength,
folly to wisdom, love to hate, and back again. It’s these emotional journeys that
hook an audience and make a story worth watching.”
11
For Vogler, the journey
occurs through a succession of the following stages: ordinary world, call to
adventure, refusal of the call, meeting with the mentor, crossing the first
threshold, tests/allies/enemies, approach to the inmost cave, ordeal, reward, the
road back, resurrection, and return with elixir. Of course, not every story follows
4
Journal of Religion & Film, Vol. 18 [2014], Iss. 2, Art. 7
https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/jrf/vol18/iss2/7
DOI: https://doi.org/10.32873/uno.dc.jrf.18.02.07
this set of stages perfectly. Variations of these stages can be seen in each
individual Indiana Jones film.
The next section will examine the methodology that will be used to trace
one single journey of Indiana’s growth through the original trilogy. The goal here
is to read the films through a version of the Hero’s Journey, where Indiana
himself is on a single journey that can be tracked through the first three films.
While the Indiana Jones films are popular, they are not common for scholarly
analysis. In “Rhetorical Criticism as Argument,” Wayne Brockriede argues that
the explanatory critic “looks at what he is analyzing and chooses the perspectives
and ideas that best help him understand the object of his criticism.”
12
Following
Brockriede’s advice, the best perspective towards taking these films seriously is to
trace the influence of Joseph Campbell’s Hero’s Journey mythology and its
influences in the films.
Methodology: Indiana’s Journey
While the Hero’s Journey is not a new methodology, this project will explore an
application of it for popular films not regularly discussed in scholarly settings.
The analysis will be drawing from Voytilla and Vogler, as well as numerous
studies and interviews dealing with Spielberg. Voytilla’s Myth and the Movies
outlines journeys for adventure films with the following criteria: historic time
5
Yogerst: Faith Under the Fedora
Published by DigitalCommons@UNO, 2014
period, exotic setting, the hero’s quest that will bring good to his ordinary world,
hero with a specialty that qualifies him for the journey, the journey is
overshadowed by a major world conflict, the elixir obtained may help solve a
world conflict, and finally allies and love interests.
13
These stages will be applied
as they fit into the three films examined below. It should also be noted that the
hero’s journey in the Indiana Jones films has many levels, too many to discuss in
a single paper. Therefore, the focus here will be only on the elements that propel
Indy’s journey towards God. Using religious studies as only part of the
perspective, the method here is based in philosophy (Hero’s Journey), theology
(Indy’s journey to God), and film genre (the adventure film).
Voytilla, who applied the Journey to Raiders of the Lost Ark, also outlined
the Journey of another hero; Luke Skywalker in the first three Star Wars films.
Skywalker’s journey through these films is seen as an “acceptance of his legacy,”
“beginning of a test phase,” and a complete “transformation.”
14
Indiana’s journey
follows a similar trajectory to Skywalker’s. With each film Indiana grows and
learns important lessons that ultimately lead the hero to reconnect with his father.
However, instead of accepting a legacy like Skywalker did it is Indiana’s journey-
solidifying decision to accept his faith in God. This reading of the Indiana Jones
trilogy, while being useful for academic fans of the franchise, should also work as
an example to dive deeper into other overlooked films that may interest scholars
6
Journal of Religion & Film, Vol. 18 [2014], Iss. 2, Art. 7
https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/jrf/vol18/iss2/7
DOI: https://doi.org/10.32873/uno.dc.jrf.18.02.07
in the field. The next section will summarize differing perceptions of the director,
which will be followed by a close reading of the first three Indiana Jones films.
Background on Spielberg Scholarship
Those critical of Spielberg tend to write him off on the grounds of
oversimplification. Robert Kolker asserts that Spielberg’s films “offer nothing
new beyond their spectacle, nothing the viewer does not already want, does not
immediately accept.”
15
Such a shallow reading of Spielberg purposely overlooks
the filmmaker’s influence. In his follow up to an anthology of Spielberg
interviews, Friedman writes in Citizen Spielberg that out of all the influential
filmmakers of the 1970s “only two still function at the height of their powers:
Martin Scorsese and Steven Spielberg.”
16
The importance and influence of each
filmmaker has continued to grow for over three decades. At the risk of offending
the anti-Spielberg academic circles, this project will work on the premise that
Spielberg is a respectable auteur filmmaker.
Spielberg’s personality is seen and felt in every single one of his films. As
a filmmaker who cut his teeth at a Universal Studios that was still running like a
Golden Age production facility in the late 1960s, Spielberg has a tendency for
traditional storytelling but that does not mean his films are not worth thinking
about critically. Film historian and biographer Joseph McBride writes, “No other
7
Yogerst: Faith Under the Fedora
Published by DigitalCommons@UNO, 2014
filmmaker has mined his childhood more obsessively or profitably than
Spielberg.”
17
Channeling his parents’ rocky relationship throughout his youth,
Spielberg has a tendency to use broken families or absent father figures in his
films.
18
Auteur theorist Peter Wollen argues that a director makes the source
material his own through the filming process.
19
Spielberg is one of the few
filmmakers who can tell mature stories while keeping a youthful sense of
imagination (e.g., Jurassic Park). In addition, Spielberg’s spectacle always has
ties with either current events or his personal life.
It would not be fair to write off Spielberg as a maker of simple, escapist,
blockbusters. “I love anyone who thinks beyond the butter and the popcorn,” said
Spielberg, “I really do.”
20
This statement should be refreshing for anyone hoping
to dig deeper into the director’s work. Film history has shows that classic films
may look simplistic at first glance, but serious close reading will find that many
movies were more complicated than expected.
21
The same can be said for
Spielberg films, especially the original Indiana Jones series. The next section will
begin analyzing Indy’s journey specifically.
Indy’s Journey
Indiana’s journey can be classified as dealing primarily with three levels:
archeology (Raiders), mythology (Temple of Doom), and theology (Last
8
Journal of Religion & Film, Vol. 18 [2014], Iss. 2, Art. 7
https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/jrf/vol18/iss2/7
DOI: https://doi.org/10.32873/uno.dc.jrf.18.02.07
Crusade). Each film has a clear call to adventure, mentors, thresholds, allies,
enemies, and ordeals. However, there are some differences from the traditional
journey. Each film takes minimal time in the ordinary world, where the hero
originates, with the majority of the story occurring in the special world where the
hero’s adventure is made. In addition, we do not always see Indiana return to his
ordinary world of a university professor at the end of the three films. The films
end with the acquired elixir and resurrection that act as the final reward.
The Indiana Jones films have excited viewers of all ages for decades.
Voytilla explains this phenomenon in a broader spectrum, “action adventure
satisfies the armchair adventurer in all of us, transporting us into exotic worlds
where we accomplish unimaginable feats, win true love, cheat death and finally
vanquish the Shadow, affirming our faith that, in the end, Good does triumph over
Evil.”
22
Our desire to see Good prevail keeps our interest in these types of
narratives. Spielberg has perfected telling such stories, which probably has to do
with the major influence that filmmakers of the Golden Age had on him.
Even as a young kid making films, he followed the major players of the
Studio Era in Hollywood. While making Firelight, an amateur film that won him
a filmmaker award in Arizona just before his family moved to California,
Spielberg told his friends, “I want to be the Cecil B. DeMille of science fiction.”
23
As history has shown, Spielberg ended up becoming more like DeMille than he
could have imagined.
24
The following sub-sections will take a closer look at the
9
Yogerst: Faith Under the Fedora
Published by DigitalCommons@UNO, 2014
first three Indiana Jones films, each film representing another element of this
journey towards God.
Raiders of the Lost Ark
Audiences are often enthralled with adventure films because it allows them to
become a part of something extraordinary not found in everyday life, such as
fleeing the rolling boulder in the opening scene of Raiders of the Lost Ark. This
first scene is Spielberg on every level, invoking big action with spectacular
settings. Interest in the impressive can be traced back to ancient philosophy, such
as Longinus who argues, “The influences of the sublime bring power.”
25
If a
movie is attractive, fun, and keeps the audience’s attention, it does have a power
that justifies a serious response. Vogler writes, “stories invite us to invest part of
our personal identity in the hero for the duration of the experience. In a sense we
become the hero for a while.”
26
Raiders of the Lost Ark begins by setting the
viewer in the middle of Indy’s (Harrison Ford) current adventure where he is
leading a group of treasure seekers through the South American jungle. Indy’s
calm demeanor shows the audience it is not his first adventure. The story prompts
us to sympathize with Indy after two of his team’s members try to double cross
him, leading to the famous boulder sequence.
We know Indy is the hero by the way he is photographed. The camera is
usually looking up at the character, which shows him as a strong figure. It is also
10
Journal of Religion & Film, Vol. 18 [2014], Iss. 2, Art. 7
https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/jrf/vol18/iss2/7
DOI: https://doi.org/10.32873/uno.dc.jrf.18.02.07
clear Indy is a cut above his competitors because we learn that nobody has gotten
out of the cave alive. Of course, this does not stop Indy from getting out with the
valuable Golden Idol. While the audience is led to believe Indy is the hero or at
least the protagonist from the start, he is officially established as such when we
meet the villain, Belloq (Paul Freeman). After Indy narrowly escapes the rolling
boulder, Belloq has a tribe of natives pointing arrows at Indy. Before anyone
speaks, there is a shot of Indy’s colleague falling to the ground dead with a back
full of poison darts.
27
Belloq becomes Indy’s shadow. Each hero must have a
shadow, “a function or mask which can be worn by any character.”
28
Belloq is a
personification of the mythological shadow, representing the darkness in the film
that will challenge Indy.
The opening sequence also lets the viewer in on one of Indy’s weaknesses,
his fear of snakes. After Indy gets away from the natives he swings from a vine
into a river where his friend is waiting in a seaplane.
29
Indy is terrified of his
friend’s pet snake sitting near his seat, “I hate snakes Chuck, I hate ‘em!!!.” This
scene ends with the plane flying into the sunset as the iconic Indiana Jones theme
booms. Therefore, from early on in this trilogy Indy gets a hero’s sendoff that is
reminiscent of the countless times the cowboy rode off into the sunset. This is
followed by Indy’s return to his ordinary world, that of an archeology professor.
Indy, or Dr. Jones as many know him, is shy and reserved in his ordinary world.
Marcus Brody (Denholm Elliott), a colleague, is Indy’s mentor, or “positive
11
Yogerst: Faith Under the Fedora
Published by DigitalCommons@UNO, 2014
figure who aids or trains the hero,” who establishes the call to adventure that sets
the rest of the film in motion.
30
Marcus and Indy meet with government
intelligence that describe Indy as an “expert on the occult and obtainer of rare
antiquities.” These are the special powers, in a sense, that qualify Indy for the
journey that he accepts willingly.
31
The call is for Indy to beat the Nazis (i.e., the shadow) in their drive to
find the Ark of the Covenant that holds the original Ten Commandments. Hitler,
as the audience is told, has an obsession with the occult and is hiring a team of
archeologists to find the Ark. As Indy explains the significance of the Ark, the
audience quickly sees his expertise but also learns of his skepticism about
Christianity. Indy ends his mini Biblical history lesson by saying, “if you believe
in that sort of stuff.” This is important because we know by the third film he is
forced to confront this theological skepticism. Indy accepts the call to adventure,
this time focused on archeology with religious implication, but also gives the
viewers more insight into his hero status when he explains to Brody that he will
find the Ark and put it in a museum. Here, we see that Indy is not on a personal
journey but instead one for a greater good, propelled by the iconic score.
After seeing Indy in the opening adventure, then in the classroom as a shy
professor and later speaking with Brody about the next adventure, it is clear that
Indy is much more comfortable in the special world of the heroic archeologist
than in the ordinary world of the professor. Indy’s passion for adventure, as
12
Journal of Religion & Film, Vol. 18 [2014], Iss. 2, Art. 7
https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/jrf/vol18/iss2/7
DOI: https://doi.org/10.32873/uno.dc.jrf.18.02.07
opposed to his passivity in the university, is also emphasized in the score used in
the ordinary world (subdued sound) versus special world (roaring sound) of the
hero. This is likely why the entire trilogy spends the majority of screen time in the
special world. Indy’s journey takes him from California to Nepal where he finds
his ex-lover, Marion (Karen Allen), who decides to tag along on the journey. The
two fly to Cairo where they meet up with an old friend and ally, Sallah (John
Rhys-Davies), who provides important information and who has been hired by the
Nazis. Importantly, Belloq is leading the Nazis in their dig for the Ark.
As the story progresses, Indy gets closer to his goal and slowly starts to
see the power of what he is looking for. Indy’s phobia of snakes comes to the fore
again, reminding the audience that he is not a perfect hero. While Indy is usually
presented as a powerful figure, this scene has many high angles as we see the hero
in a vulnerable situation. The snakes must be dealt with before Indy and Sallah
can get the Ark from the underground tomb. Vogler contends, “weaknesses,
imperfections, quirks, and vices immediately make a hero or any character more
real and appealing.”
32
Having an imperfect lead character helps audiences relate
to Indy and encourages them to root for him throughout the film. After Indy and
Marion are left for dead in the tomb, the snakes (a threshold guardian) must be
overcome in order to survive. Indy cheats death, a common hero trope, by
crashing a large statue through a wall.
13
Yogerst: Faith Under the Fedora
Published by DigitalCommons@UNO, 2014
After following the Ark and overcoming numerous challenges, retaining
his heroic status, Indy faces the biggest challenge yet. When the Nazis decide to
open the Ark of the Covenant, Indy’s special knowledge (which aid his position
as the hero) informs him not to look at the Ark because doing so could yield tragic
consequences. Indy makes sure Marion does not look, just before everyone else
melts away as the Ark seals itself back up. While Indy was suspicious about any
supernatural power from the Ark, he has learned not to underestimate any
possibilities of Divine power. Vogler states, “heroes overcome obstacles and
achieve goals, but they also gain knowledge and wisdom.”
33
Indy has grown from
the beginning of the film where he wrote off such power as theories or fairy tales.
This character growth will become extremely important in the third film.
Indy returns to the university, though it is not the traditional return with
elixir. Marion and Indy’s relationship appears to have been rekindled, but Indy is
far from satisfied as his heart is clearly in his work. The problem is that
government bureaucrats have seized the Ark, which understandably upsets Indy
and Brody. The audience feels the tension and can assume this is not the last that
will be heard from Indy. The heroic view of Indy is still sustained by the audience
in that taking the Ark also seized its power from the evil Nazis. Voytilla writes,
the Hero’s Journey “may also contribute to solving the greater world conflict.”
34
The last scene of the film provokes questions, as the camera pans away from the
ark in the massive government storage facility reminiscent of the last shots of the
14
Journal of Religion & Film, Vol. 18 [2014], Iss. 2, Art. 7
https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/jrf/vol18/iss2/7
DOI: https://doi.org/10.32873/uno.dc.jrf.18.02.07
millionaire’s loot in Citizen Kane. Taking a destructive tool from the Nazis in this
film aids the battle against evil, something that will also be seen in the third film.
Next, the sequel to Raiders of the Lost Ark will be examined where Indy takes
another journey that will test his knowledge and put him in harm’s way, again, for
the greater good.
Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom
During the 1980s, Spielberg made two sequels to Raiders of the Lost Ark.
Hollywood sequels often reek with studio pressure for box office receipts and
even Spielberg has stated that some of his motivation for the second two Indy
films was financially motivated.
35
In addition, both critics and the director were
not happy with Temple of Doom specifically.
36
Discussing the 1940s era of the
Indy films, Spielberg says, “I like the period because it was naïve and it was
somewhat innocent and it represented the growing pains of the 20
th
century. And
it’s a very fertile time for movie stories.”
37
If the director is drawn to the period
warts and all, it may explain why he is not afraid to invoke the stereotypes of the
period. That being said, the film is still problematic, and its violence and racial
depictions led to the creation of the PG-13 rating.
38
More attention was placed on
the story, action, and development of the Indy character. The drawbacks involved
the racist representation of the natives.
15
Yogerst: Faith Under the Fedora
Published by DigitalCommons@UNO, 2014
The film was, for a time, banned in India due to the one-dimensional,
savage depiction of Hindus.
39
It is possible that Spielberg unintentionally
overlooked this issue since he was dealing with the aftermath of a grisly accident,
which killed three people, in his production of Twilight Zone – The Movie.
40
While frustration with Temple of Doom is understandable, sweeping it under the
rug is no different from ignoring Hollywood’s great early Westerns for their
negative depiction of Native Americans. Therefore, we should not be so quick to
write off an imperfect film if it is worthy of analysis. It is worth noting that the
entire trilogy has stereotypes (including those of the Nazis, and the natives in the
first film), but Indy himself transcends the usual masculine codes and is instead a
vulnerable adventurer. Temple of Doom is generally accepted as the weakest of
the Indy films, but it still has its place in this Hero’s Journey. While the racist
depictions mar the film, the story still has importance as we see Indy develop
throughout this journey.
Contrary to the first film, we never see Indy in his ordinary world of the
university. Temple of Doom relies on imagination more heavily than the other two
films. Most of Spielberg’s films build on the filmmaker’s imagination and require
an imaginative response from the audience. This relates to the director’s child-like
sense of fascination and in order to gain the most from his films, the audience
should relate to that. In “The Pleasures of the Imagination,” Joseph Addison
argues that gratification of imagination comes from the “Sight of what is great,
16
Journal of Religion & Film, Vol. 18 [2014], Iss. 2, Art. 7
https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/jrf/vol18/iss2/7
DOI: https://doi.org/10.32873/uno.dc.jrf.18.02.07
uncommon, or beautiful.”
41
Each time Indy finds something great or uncommon,
he shows a sense of gratification of finding something he could only have
imagined to find. The darkest of the three films, the cinematography here invokes
looming shadows to provide a constantly ominous vibe. In this film, a vulnerable
Indy is forced to rely on quick and innovative thoughts about mythology in order
to fully comprehend and defeat the villains.
This story opens in a Shanghai nightclub and ends in a small foreign
village. One might notice that the opening of the film has Indy, an American in a
foreign nightclub, wearing black pants and a white jacket with a bowtie. This
image should be reminiscent of the attire worn by Rick Blaine (Humphrey
Bogart) in the 1942 classic Casablanca. Here it is important to remember how
Spielberg’s deep influence from Hollywood’s Golden Age made its way onto the
screen, best seen in the opening scene of Temple of Doom. Like the opening of
Raiders, this film lands viewers in the middle of another one of Indy’s adventures.
Again, Indy is against all odds when he accidentally drinks poison. After
acquiring the antidote and narrowly escaping death, Indy, Willie (Kate Capshaw),
and Short Round (Jonathan Ke Quan) board a plane that flies off into the sunset
(again giving Indy a heroic sendoff early in the film). From here, the audience
leaves the Casablanca-esque location for an unfamiliar place full of mythological
traditions.
17
Yogerst: Faith Under the Fedora
Published by DigitalCommons@UNO, 2014
While Raiders had an emphasis on archeology, Temple of Doom is
focused on mythology (building on Indy’s fascination with the occult established
in the first film). Joseph Campbell, in The Power of Myth with Bill Moyers,
contends that the definition of a myth is not a search for meaning but an
experience of meaning.
42
In Temple of Doom, Indy goes through a transition from
defining to experiencing the myths of the temple through the sacred Sankara
stones. After his plane crashed, Indy and his companions wound up in a village
where the people have lost their sacred stones as well as all of their children. They
call upon Indy for help. Indy’s skepticism drives his decision to refuse the initial
call to adventure, referring to the village’s ordeal as a ghost story.
43
Vogler writes,
“Even the most heroic movie heroes will sometimes hesitate, express reluctance,
or flatly refuse the call.”
44
Indy is skeptical about the power of the story’s artifact
(stones) but throughout the film he learns to respect such power.
The Sankara stones, according to legend, have diamonds in them and
those who acquire the stones will gain fortune and glory. At first, Indy “seeks the
stones only for their monetary value. Yet, as the film progresses, he comes to
perceive that they must be given back to the villagers, in spite of the high price he
can sell them for.”
45
Another turning point for Indy’s motivations is when he
realizes that Mola Ram (Amrish Puri) has enslaved children to mine the temple
for the last two stones. Indy cannot help himself when he first sees the children,
chained and digging. One child is being whipped and Indy heaves a rock at the
18
Journal of Religion & Film, Vol. 18 [2014], Iss. 2, Art. 7
https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/jrf/vol18/iss2/7
DOI: https://doi.org/10.32873/uno.dc.jrf.18.02.07
aggressor, exposing himself to the enemies. These are also the children that are
missing from the village where the stones belong. From this point on, Indy
understands that this entire journey is bigger than his aspirations for fortune and
glory.
With any story that follows the Hero’s Journey, the hero must face death.
Vogler states, “true heroism is shown in stories when heroes offer themselves on
the altar of chance, willing to take the risk that their quest for adventure may lead
to danger, loss, or death.”
46
Indy deals with death numerous times in this film.
The opening scene, as mentioned, has Indy overcome death but shortly thereafter
he survives a plane crash, and a wild ride down a dangerous river, as well as
dodging murder one night in a palace. These scenes signify what Vogler calls the
“approach to the inmost cave” where the hero will “make final preparations for
the central ordeal of the adventure.”
47
Once in the temple, Indy cheats death
numerous times trying to get his hands on the stones. Mola Ram captures Indy
and tries to turn him, eventually forcing him to sacrifice Willie, although the
heroic Indy would not allow it. Indy’s brief possession by Mola Ram and his snap
back to reality represent a type of death and rebirth, an element of the journey that
Vogler feels is necessary because the rebirth refocuses the hero.
48
Indy’s resurrection catalyzes a series of showdowns, what Vogler refers to
as something that “pits the hero and villains in an ultimate contest with the highest
possible stakes, life and death.”
49
Indy, Willie, and Short Round are pursued
19
Yogerst: Faith Under the Fedora
Published by DigitalCommons@UNO, 2014
constantly while trying to free the children and escape with the stones. One villain
even has a voodoo doll of Indy, which hinders him throughout the climax. With a
little help from Short Round, Indy overcomes and prevails. In the last standoff, on
the wooden foot bridge sitting high above a river, Indy not only outsmarts and
fends off an army of villains but also defends himself against Mola Ram one last
time as he tries to rip out Indy’s heart with his bare hand (as was seen earlier in
the film with a different victim).
Contrary to Raiders, the return with elixir in Temple of Doom does not
require a return to the ordinary world. The children are set free along with the
rocks returned to their rightful owners in the nearby village. Indy is happy to give
up fortune and glory for the understanding of the true power of the stones. Unlike
in Raiders where the Ark was meant to be in a museum, Indy figured if he kept
the stones they would end up collecting dust, presumably in a museum, and they
would be better off in the hands of those who truly appreciate them. This film
ends with Indy still in the special world of the hero, though one could argue he
left the world he was fighting in for the one he was fighting for. It is not until the
next film that we see Indy back in his ordinary world as a university professor.
Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade continues the journey, which is arguably his
most important one yet.
20
Journal of Religion & Film, Vol. 18 [2014], Iss. 2, Art. 7
https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/jrf/vol18/iss2/7
DOI: https://doi.org/10.32873/uno.dc.jrf.18.02.07
Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade
This film opens during Indy’s childhood where audiences see his early sense of
adventure, fear of snakes, and also get the first glimpse of his father. The
depiction of young Indy is much brighter than the adult hero; there is a sense of
innocence not found in the rest of the film. Each movie in this original trilogy
begins with a sequence that “quickly captures the audience’s attention by
providing thrilling mini-adventures, teasers with truncated but definable
beginnings, middles, and endings.”
50
What is unique about Last Crusade’s opener
is that the audiences are treated to an adventure with a young Indy in the boy
scouts (in Utah, 1912). Indy walks into a cave and finds a suspicious-looking man
uncovering the Cross of Coronado. Echoing the views in Raiders, Indy wants to
take the cross because he feels it belongs in a museum. After grabbing the cross,
Indy is pursued by the other diggers. This chase establishes the origin of Indy’s
fear of snakes while confronting one in a circus train car. It ends at Indy’s house,
where we meet his overbearing father, Professor Henry Jones (Sean Connery).
Eventually Indy’s pursuers get the cross back, which only increases Indy’s
competitive drive recalled in the previous films.
The next scene cuts to the narrative’s present day, 1938 off the coast of
Portugal. Indy is on another adventure after stealing the cross again from the same
man. Following Indy’s jump into the water with the cross, the film brings the
21
Yogerst: Faith Under the Fedora
Published by DigitalCommons@UNO, 2014
audience back to his ordinary world as a professor of archaeology. This is the first
time Indy is seen in the classroom since Raiders. The return also reunites
audiences with Marcus Brody, Indy’s mentor at the university. Audiences are
reminded of Indy’s discomfort in his ordinary world when there is a massive line
of students and administrators outside of his office door. It is not long before he
puts on his signature fedora and crawls out the window towards his next
adventure. Vogler argues that sometimes the hero is called to adventure due to a
lack or need.
51
The call in this film comes as a need after Indy’s father is
kidnapped. Henry was pursuing the Holy Grail and when he got close, the Nazis
snatched him.
Indy’s skepticism over anything theological begins to crumble when he
starts to wonder if the Holy Grail, referred to in the film as the Cup of Christ,
really exists. Indy and Marcus decide to search for Henry, who must have known
he was being followed because he mailed his notes to Indy. The artifact in this
story marks its emphasis on theology, something Indy will have to face more
directly than in any previous story. The inciting incident is the abduction of
Henry. Also, the relationship between Indy and his father, as foreshadowed in the
film’s opening, is rocky at best. Since Indy is a hero, he understands he needs to
do what is right. He may not fully believe in the divine, but his past adventures
have shown him he cannot underestimate the potential power of any artifact he
seeks.
22
Journal of Religion & Film, Vol. 18 [2014], Iss. 2, Art. 7
https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/jrf/vol18/iss2/7
DOI: https://doi.org/10.32873/uno.dc.jrf.18.02.07
Also seeking the divine power of the Holy Grail are the familiar villains
from the first film, the German Nazis. This may be, as Friedman writes, because
“Spielberg draws upon a history of stereotypes deeply embedded within the serial
action/adventure format to fashion his villains.”
52
Friedman goes further to argue
that all of Indy’s adversaries are darker versions of himself, people Indy could be
under different circumstances. This is similar to how the hero in Westerns (who
represent order) is often similar to the villain (who represents chaos). The reason
the Western hero can defeat his foe is because of a deep connection and
understanding between them. Indy has the same drive to seek the artifacts that his
adversaries do; the line is drawn between them based on what they would do once
obtaining the desired piece.
After rejecting a script written by writer/director/producer Chris
Columbus, Spielberg opted to turn the third film into “a quest for the father”
(McBride 401). This journey suggests Spielberg’s personal life and the division
between himself and his absent father throughout Spielberg’s childhood. Schiff
states, “In Spielberg movies, fatherhood has a mystical shimmer.”
53
In the Last
Crusade, Indy ends up turning a mythical father-son relationship into a more
grounded reality. This draws the audience in because Indy, in the presence of his
commanding father, changes from exceedingly masculine and confident into shy
and intimidated. Towards the end of the film, the quest for the Holy Grail can be
seen as a plot device that gets us to what really matters – the reconciliation of
23
Yogerst: Faith Under the Fedora
Published by DigitalCommons@UNO, 2014
Indy and Henry through belief in God. The importance of this part of the journey
is emphasized in the shot-reverse-shots between Indy and Henry throughout
Indy’s trip to the Grail and back to his father.
At the end of the film, Indy is forced to take a leap of faith across a
bottomless trench in order to save his father. Indy’s willingness to put his life on
the line in this manner is a new test for the character. Alsford contends, “It might
be argued that the true test of the heroic is whether one is prepared to sacrifice the
role.”
54
After Henry gets shot, Indy is ready to sacrifice himself for a chance to
save his father. Indy must venture towards the Grail’s resting place, avoiding
booby traps on the way owing to his wealth of survival experience. Indy steps
over the trench only to find an invisible bridge that appears to believers and would
remain invisible to nonbelievers. Contrary to his views in Raiders, Indy chooses
to believe. Indy’s faith allows him to land on the bridge, which leads to finding
the Cup of Christ. After choosing the correct cup, something the villains pursuing
Indy did not do, Holy Water is brought and poured from the Cup onto Henry’s
wound, saving him.
The end of this journey leaves Indy more deeply changed than any of the
past adventures. After dealing with archeology and mythology, both of which
proved to Indy not to underestimate the power of what he seeks, Last Crusade
makes Indy find his faith. With the combination of theology and the absent father,
this is the most personal of Indy’s journeys. Vogler argues, “Heroes don’t just
24
Journal of Religion & Film, Vol. 18 [2014], Iss. 2, Art. 7
https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/jrf/vol18/iss2/7
DOI: https://doi.org/10.32873/uno.dc.jrf.18.02.07
visit death and come home. They return changed, transformed.”
55
Indy defeats
death, as well as evil, by finding his faith. This film is simultaneously a road both
to Indy’s faith and his father, who is a strong believer. It appears that if Indy
found his faith, he would find the relationship with his father. At the end of the
film he has officially reconnected with his father, signified when Indy drops the
Holy Grail and decides to grab his father’s hand before falling into a massive
crevasse. This is a complete transformation from the Indy in Raiders who thought
of religious stories as fairy tales.
The closing of Last Crusade shows Indy and his group riding their horses
into the sunset with John William’s iconic and uplifting score playing in the
background, reminding us again that we are watching a hero. The audiences do
not see Indy return to his ordinary world and are left watching the hero as he rides
towards his next adventure – whatever it may be. Like the previous films, Indy
does not gain possession of what he sought in the beginning. He gains something
more important. The elixir in this film is the reuniting of Indy and his father, the
Holy Grail and faith in God bringing them together. Last Crusade wraps up a
trilogy where audiences are able to see Indy grow as a person and adventurer. In
discussing the historical importance of art, T.S. Eliot writes, “no poet, no artist of
any art, has complete meaning alone. His significance, his appreciation is the
appreciation of his relation to the dead poets and artists.”
56
This means that
contemporary critics must weigh the merits of current art against those who
25
Yogerst: Faith Under the Fedora
Published by DigitalCommons@UNO, 2014
influenced the artist in question. By this film, it is clear that Spielberg has used his
own imagination and successfully brought to life versions of the heroic characters
in the famous pulp serials he grew up with.
57
If one views these three films as a
single journey, it is clear that Indiana Jones has grown from a skeptical adventurer
to a strong man of faith and family.
Conclusion and Implications
Religion is not only found in overtly religious films. As Craig Detweiler has
noted, it can be beneficial to look for some less obvious examples of theology in
film for fruitful studies.
58
Throughout this journey, Indy grows and learns a great
deal about his life and work while searching for sacred and ancient artifacts.
Looking at the first three films as a whole, Friedman writes, “Jones and his allies
survive because they ultimately recognize the power of the divine within the
artifacts. Although Indiana fails to retain possession to these objects, he finds
personal fulfillment and spiritual illumination.”
59
Each of the artifacts he seeks
has religious significance. The traditions represented are Judaism in Raiders,
Hinduism in Temple of Doom, and Christianity in Last Crusade. Friedman argues,
“all three films function as stories of moral education.”
60
With each adventure,
Indy grows personally and professionally. Constantly surrounded and subjected to
26
Journal of Religion & Film, Vol. 18 [2014], Iss. 2, Art. 7
https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/jrf/vol18/iss2/7
DOI: https://doi.org/10.32873/uno.dc.jrf.18.02.07
religious power in his journey, it should be no surprise that Indy eventually
becomes a believer in God.
A question remains, however; why should Spielberg chose to focus on
Christianity and not Judaism (his own religion)? One theory is that the story
originates with George Lucas and it could be that he envisioned it with a Christian
emphasis. Knowing that both Lucas and Spielberg work closely on all aspects of
their films, it may be more accurate to assume that the filmmakers saw the Cup of
Christ to be an iconic artifact representative of religion in a general sense. Also,
how can we know the filmmakers are serious about their insertion of faith into
this story? Indy, for the first time, choses not to go after the artifact that he could
have risked his life to snatch before falling into the crevasse. Instead, Indy took
his father’s hand. The opposite might have occurred if Indy had not made his leap
of faith. It is important to note that if these films were released in the reverse
order this whole analysis would be reversed as well. Indy would have been a hero
moving from faith to increased skepticism. Since this is not the case, Indy
gradually moves closer to faith throughout this trilogy.
True heroes are always destined for adventure. As Indy rides off into the
sunset in the Last Crusade we do not see him returning to the ordinary world. The
next time audiences see Indy in the ordinary world at the university, is in another
sequel, Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull (2008). The fourth
film, set decades after the third installment, may signify a new journey. Indy is
27
Yogerst: Faith Under the Fedora
Published by DigitalCommons@UNO, 2014
much older and gets married by the end of this film. Both the hero and his society
have changed. In a new world Indy must find different reasons to escape the
university to get back out into the special world of the hero where he is most
comfortable. Less certain remains the question of where the journey leads from
here? Audiences are left free to speculate about the answer. What we know is that
Indy is married and has a son, Mutt, played by Shia LaBeouf. Therefore, a new
journey may follow just Mutt filling Indy’s shoes or could involve the entire
family. The era of the Cold War was still raging at the end of Crystal Skull, so
maybe Indy finds a new foe in Moscow.
Audiences will likely welcome another adventure from Indy because he is
a hero to which people can relate. As the Hero’s Journey informs us, the hero is
often imperfect and capable of being defeated even though he or she usually wins.
The hero can be an underdog and on the defensive. People relate to that,
especially if you take into consideration the hypermasculine action films released
during the 1980s alongside the Indiana Jones trilogy.
61
Friedman writes, “All
three Indiana Jones films contain such conspicuous deviations from the macho
codes that dominate their source materials…Spielberg challenges simplistic
definitions of masculine heroism and offers significant shades of gray.”
62
These
shades of gray keep the character interesting. Indy never comes out unscathed, but
he remains a victorious hero in each film. Indy’s journeys will always be
28
Journal of Religion & Film, Vol. 18 [2014], Iss. 2, Art. 7
https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/jrf/vol18/iss2/7
DOI: https://doi.org/10.32873/uno.dc.jrf.18.02.07
accepted; he is the everyman’s hero, and one that eventually found faith under
that iconic wide-brimmed fedora.
1
Lester D Friedman and Brent Notbohm, Steven Spielberg: Interviews (United States: The
University Press of Mississippi, 2000), VIII.
2
Friedman and Notbohm, IX.
3
Stephen Schiff, “Seriously Spielberg,” Ed. Lester Friedman and Brent D. Notbohm,. Steven
Spielberg: Interviews. (United States: The University Press of Mississippi, 2000), 178-9.
4
Dean A. Kowalski, “Introduction,” Steven Spielberg and Philosophy: We’re Gonna Need a
Bigger Book, Ed. Dean A. Kowalski, (Lexington: The University of Kentucky Press, 2011), 1.
5
Elissa Nelson, “Beneath the Surface and the Excess: An Examination of Critical and Aesthetic
Attacks on Films of the 1980s,” The Journal of Popular Culture. Vol. 46, No. 5, 2013.
6
The Fourth Film, Kingdom of the Crystal Skill stands alone and may signify a new journey as
rumors of a fifth film continue to circulate.
7
Joseph Campbell, The Hero With a Thousand Faces, (Novato: New World Library, 2008,
originally printed in 1968), 1.
8
Campbell, 337.
9
Mike Alsford., Heroes and Villains (Waco: Baylor University Press, 2006), 8.
10
Some examples of recent complex heroes in the new superhero cycle are Watchmen (2009) and
The Dark Knight Rises (2012).
11
Christopher Vogler, The Writer’s Journey: Mythic Structure for Writers (Third Edition),
(Chelsea: Sheridan Books, 2007), 7.
12
Wayne Brockriede, “Rhetorical Criticism as Argument,” (Quarterly Journal of Speech. 60.2.
1974. 165-74), 171.
13
Stuart Voytilla, (Myth and the Movies: Discovering the Mythic Structure of 50 Unforgettable
Films. United States: Sheridan Books, Inc, 1999), 19.
14
Voytilla, 290.
15
Robert Kolker, A Cinema of Loneliness: Penn, Stone, Kubrick, Scorsese, Spielberg, Altman
(Third Edition), (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000), 257.
29
Yogerst: Faith Under the Fedora
Published by DigitalCommons@UNO, 2014
16
Lester D Friedman, Citizen Spielberg, (Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2006),
9.
17
Joseph McBride, Steven Spielberg: A Biography (Second Edition), (United States: The
University Press of Mississippi, 2010), 16.
18
This can be seen in movies such as Close Encounters of the Third Kind, E.T., The Color Purple
(1985), Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989), Catch Me If You Can (2002), and War of the
Worlds (2005).
19
Peter Wollen, “The Auteur Theory,” Film Theory and Criticism (Seventh Edition). Ed. Leo
Brady and Marshall Cohen, (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009), 466. Also, Spielberg’s
films are easy to recognize, not only for the aforementioned family dynamic, but also by their
distinct and tightly focused spectacle, choice of film score, and child-like sense of adventure.
20
Susan Royal, “Steven Spielberg in His Adventures on Earth,” Ed. Lester Friedman, and Brent
D. Notbohm, Steven Spielberg: Interviews, (United States: The University Press of Mississippi,
2000), 98.
21
A great example of this, to cite one of Spielberg’s heroes, is Alfred Hitchcock’s Vertigo. This
film grew in popularity over time and still frequently shows up in new scholarship and criticism.
22
Voytilla, 18.
23
McBride, 13.
24
Spielberg, like DeMille, is a bankable director, known for serious epic films, is a studio partner,
is regularly panned by the art film crowd, etc.
25
Longinus, “On the Sublime,” Criticism: The Major Texts, Ed. Walter Jackson Bate, (Miami:
Wolf Den Books, 2002), 57-8.
26
Vogler, 30.
27
Shooting in the back is a taboo dating back to the Wild West, which aligns Belloq and his
associates as the bad guys.
28
Vogler, 66.
29
John Williams’ famous theme music turns up for the first time here.
30
Vogler, 39.
31
See willing heroes in Vogler, page 110.
32
Vogler, 33.
33
Vogler, 31.
30
Journal of Religion & Film, Vol. 18 [2014], Iss. 2, Art. 7
https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/jrf/vol18/iss2/7
DOI: https://doi.org/10.32873/uno.dc.jrf.18.02.07
34
Voytilla, 19.
35
Schiff, 176.
36
McBride, 354-5.
37
Royal, 137.
38
Prior to this film, filmmakers were generally working towards a PG or R rating.
39
A more recent analysis of this film from an Indian journalist can be seen here:
http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-toi/all-that-matters/SHASHI-ON-SUNDAY-
India-Jones-and-the-template-of-dhoom/articleshow/1746623.cms?flstry=1
40
During a night shoot for the film, a segment directed by John Landis saw a helicopter in a scene
fall from the sky and crush three actors. This aftermath of this tragedy took a large toll on
everyone involved in the film. For more information, see McBride pp. 343-352.
41
Joseph Addison, “The Pleasure of the Imagination,” Criticism: The Major Texts, ed. Walter
Jackson Bate, (Miami: Wolf Den Books, 2002), 169.
42
Bill Moyers, The Power of Myth with Bill Moyers, (United States: Anchor Books, 1991), 5.
43
Note that once again, Indy has reverted back to his comfortable skepticism. Of course, that will
all change.
44
Voger, 108.
45
Friedman, Citizen Spielberg, 84.
46
Vogler, 32.
47
Vogler, 143.
48
Vogler, 155.
49
Vogler, 200.
50
Friedman, Citizen Spielberg, 80.
51
Vogler, 103.
52
Friedman, Citizen Spielberg, 92.
53
Schiff, 186.
54
Alsford, 57.
31
Yogerst: Faith Under the Fedora
Published by DigitalCommons@UNO, 2014
55
Vogler, 156.
56
T.S Eliot, “Tradition and the Individual Talent,” Criticism: The Major Texts, ed. Walter Jackson
Bate, (Miami: Wolf Den Books, 2002), 482.
57
A list of potential influences for the Indiana Jones story and characters can be found at:
http://www.theraider.net/information/influences/inspirations.php
58
Craig Detweiler, Into the Dark: Seeing the Sacred in the Top Films of the 21
st
Century, (Grand
Rapids: Baker Press, 2008).
59
Friedman, Citizen Spielberg, 83.
60
Friedman, Citizen Spielberg, 78.
61
Major actions stars of the 1980s are Arnold Schwarzenegger (Predator, Commando, The
Terminator) and Sylvester Stallone (First Blood, Rambo II, the Rocky films), among others. A
useful critique on the hypermasculine action genre is Tasker, Yvonne. “Dumb Movies for Dumb
People: Masculinity, the Body, and the Voice in Contemporary Action Cinema.” Critical Visions
in Film Theory. Edited by Timothy Corrigan, Patricia White, and Meta Mazaj. (Boston/New York:
Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2011), 754-766.
62
Friedman, Citizen Spielberg, 113.
References
Addison, Joseph. “The Pleasure of the Imagination,” Criticism: The Major Texts, ed. Walter
Jackson Bate, (Miami: Wolf Den Books, 2002), 169-172.
Alsford, Mike. Heroes and Villains (Waco: Baylor University Press, 2006).
Brockriede, Wayne. “Rhetorical Criticism as Argument,” (Quarterly Journal of Speech. 60.2.
1974), 165-74).
Campbell, Joseph. The Hero With a Thousand Faces, (Novato: New World Library, 2008,
originally printed in 1968).
Eliot, T.S. “Tradition and the Individual Talent,” Criticism: The Major Texts, ed. Walter Jackson
Bate, (Miami: Wolf Den Books, 2002), 481-485.
Friedman, Lester D. Citizen Spielberg, (Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2006).
Friedman, Lester D. and Notbohm, Brent. Steven Spielberg: Interviews (United States: The
University Press of Mississippi, 2000).
32
Journal of Religion & Film, Vol. 18 [2014], Iss. 2, Art. 7
https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/jrf/vol18/iss2/7
DOI: https://doi.org/10.32873/uno.dc.jrf.18.02.07
Kowalski, Dean A. “Introduction,” Steven Spielberg and Philosophy: We’re Gonna Need a Bigger
Book, Ed. Dean A. Kowalski, (Lexington: The University of Kentucky Press, 2011), 1-4.
Kolker, Robert. A Cinema of Loneliness: Penn, Stone, Kubrick, Scorsese, Spielberg, Altman
(Third Edition), (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000).
Longinus, “On the Sublime,” Criticism: The Major Texts, Ed. Walter Jackson Bate, (Miami: Wolf
Den Books, 2002), 57-70.
McBride, Joseph. Steven Spielberg: A Biography (Second Edition), (United States: The University
Press of Mississippi, 2010).
Moyers, Bill with Campbell, Joseph. The Power of Myth with Bill Moyers, (United States: Anchor
Books, 1991).
Nelson, Elissa. “Beneath the Surface and the Excess: An Examination of Critical and Aesthetic
Attacks on Films of the 1980s,” The Journal of Popular Culture. Vol. 46, No. 5, 2013. 1029-1050.
Raiders of the Lost Ark. Dir. Steven Spielberg. Paramount Pictures. 1981. DVD.
Royal, Susan. “Steven Spielberg in His Adventures on Earth,” Ed. Lester Friedman, and Brent D.
Notbohm, Steven Spielberg: Interviews, (United States: The University Press of Mississippi,
2000), 84-106.
Schiff, Stephen. “Seriously Spielberg,” Ed. Lester Friedman and Brent D. Notbohm,. Steven
Spielberg: Interviews. (United States: The University Press of Mississippi, 2000), 170-192.
Tasker, Yvonne. “Dumb Movies for Dumb People: Masculinity, the Body, and the Voice in
Contemporary Action Cinema.” Critical Visions in Film Theory. Edited by Timothy Corrigan,
Patricia White, and Meta Mazaj. (Boston/New York: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2011), 754-766.
Vogler, Christopher. The Writer’s Journey: Mythic Structure for Writers (Third Edition),
(Chelsea: Sheridan Books, 2007).
Voytilla, Stuart. Myth and the Movies: Discovering the Mythic Structure of 50 Unforgettable
Films. United States: Sheridan Books, Inc, 1999).
Wollen, Peter. “The Auteur Theory,” Film Theory and Criticism (Seventh Edition). Ed. Leo Brady
and Marshall Cohen, (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009), 455-470.
33
Yogerst: Faith Under the Fedora
Published by DigitalCommons@UNO, 2014
