Introduction to Electromagnetic Braking System

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056

Volume: 07 Issue: 05 | May 2020 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

Shreya Bharti

, Mrinal Anand

Shreya Bharti, B.Tech (ECE), Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, India

SMrinal Anand, B.Tech (ME), Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, India

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Abstract - This paper go-round the use of

electromagnetic scope to stop or hold the motion of the

vehicle. An Electromagnetic Braking system make use of

magnetic force and current to stop the motion, the applied

voltage or current creates magnetic force which draw in

the brakes which further stop the motion of the vehicle

that is the rotatory motion. Major number of

electromagnetic brakes makes use of single friction surface

while there are multiple disc designs also which functions

in a similar manner as the single friction surface brakes

does. The prime elements of it consist of field coil,

armature and hub. As told earlier the electromagnetic

brake works over electric whim but torque is produced

mechanically, whenever the voltage and current is applied

on the brakes the coil becomes electromagnet and

produces magnetic lines of flux, these flux lines travel

through small gap between field coil and armature and

thus it magnetically pulls the armature against the hub

which holds the brake. When the current and voltage is

removed from the brakes the spring holds back the

armature from hub surface creating a small air gap.

Electromagnetic brakes participated in considerable

vehicles and auto as an associate brake. The

electromagnetic brakes can be used as a touch of business

vehicles by controlling the current accommodated make

the connecting with improvement. Causing a couple of

redesigns in the brakes it to can be used as a piece of

vehicles in future.

Key Words: Electromagnetic, friction, flux, torque,

armature, hub.

1. INTRODUCTION

Latest advancements are arriving everyday or other.

Various ventures got benefitted in light of these new

developments such as vehicle industry or food and

packaging industry. As brake is a basic bit of vehicle

advancement, there are improvements in brakes also.

The large used brakes in vehicles are drum and circle

brakes. Various sorts of easing back instrument used are

pressure driven, pneumatic, etc. Electromagnetic braking

is an inventive advancement and moreover outlines the

reason of creating development. The two imperative

sorts of brake are frictional and electromagnetic

retarder. The brake is a mechanical tool which ends the

movement of vehicle in a development. While braking

power is associated by brake to upset the development

of vehicle lots of engine essentialness is dispersed as

warmth imperativeness. Fundamental limit of Brakes is

to direct the speed of a vehicle in a short range paying

little heed to speed. In this way, the brakes are required

to have the option to making high torque and fascinating

imperativeness at to extraordinary degree high rates for

brief time allotments. The repeat of incidents is at

present a-days extending as a result of inefficient halting

instrument. Hereafter halting instrument ought to be

improved for ground-breaking and profitable braking.

2. PARTS OF EM BRAKES

There are three imperative parts of EM brakes field coil,

an armature and hub.

The coil has north and south post. In the event that a bit of

iron reached the two poles and magnetic connection is

made. At the point when power is applied a magnetic

field is made this field (motion) defeats the air hole

among field and the armature. This magnetic fascination

pulls the armature in contact with the brake field face.

The erosion and the quality that is strength of the

magnetic field, is the thing that makes the rotational

movement stop. Practically the entirety of the torque

originates from the magnetic force and coefficient of

friction between the steel of the armature and the steel

of the rotor or brake field. The material is for the most

part used to help decline the wear rate. Be that as it may,

various kinds of material can likewise be utilized to

change the coefficient of erosion for exceptional

applications. Copper (in some cases aluminum) magnet

wire used to make the loop/coil which is held in the shell

either by a bobbin or by glue. For most modern brakes,

friction material is then set over the loop and is set

between the inward and external poles. The material is

flush with the outside of the brake since you need to

have metal to metal contact between the coil shell and

the armature.

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056

Volume: 07 Issue: 05 | May 2020 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

Fig-1: EM brake front view

Fig-2: EM brake side cross-sectional view

Fig-3

Fig-4

Fig-3, 4: Parts of brake

2.1 Working

The major number of EM brakes use single phase friction

plate to stop movement. The EM brakes operates over

electric actuation but produce torque mechanically,

when voltage and current (power) is applied to the brake

the loop becomes electromagnet and produces magnetic

lines of flux this flux travels through the air gap between

field coil and armature magnetically pulling the armature

towards against the hub and creating a holding force to

hold the brakes. When current and voltage (power) is

expelled from the brakes, the spring holds the armature

away from hub surface creating a small air gap in

between. In outdoor use friction material is not used

while in industrial applications friction material is used

to help hinder wear in clutch or brakes, the friction

material is flush with steel poles the single phase design

allows a very quick action thus suited for high cycle

applications. The EM brakes found in various

applications, uses are in processing and food packaging

machinery, medical equipments, servo motors, robotics

and elevators and escalators.

2.2 Calculation of torque

1. Maximum braking force is given by:

FL = Mdal × g × Ur

FL = possible braking force on axle

Mdal = dynamic axle load

g = acceleration due to gravity

Ur = coefficient of friction between road and tire

2. Braking torque require to stop wheel

T = BF × R/r

BF = Braking force

T = brake torque

R = radius of tire

r = speed ratio between the wheel and brake

3. ADVANTAGES

• Less wear of portions

• Electronically controlled

• No compelling need to change the brake oils reliably.

• Longer life of EM brakes in comparison to normal

brakes.

• Uncomplicated design

• Less noise

• Large degree of safety

4. NEW CONCEPT

If we increase the magnitude of current in the current

carrying wire then according to the Ampere's law of

magnetic field can be derived by:-

 Integration of B (vector).ds (vector)=Uo.I(Enclosed)

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056

Volume: 07 Issue: 05 | May 2020 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

Therefore the surface area of a current carrying wire is:

Integration of B (vector). (2.pi.r)=Uo.I (enclosed)

Fig- 5: Equation of Biot-Savart Law

B (vector) = (Uo.I.r)/ (2.pi.R^2)

Therefore we can see as I increases then B increases or B

is proportional to I.

Where,

B= Magnetic field,

Uo=permeability of free space,

I=current,

U=Radius distance,

R= radius of wire (outer)

In this relation we get,

B ∝ I ------------------- eqn (1)

Now with the help of this equation 1, we are going to

proof the increase in Magnetic force due to small

increase in the magnitude of Magnetic field.

Here we go,

With the help of Lorentz's Law,

But we know that,

F=BILsin (theta)

For maximum magnetic force,

Fmax= BIL

Fmax=B [B (2.pi.r^2)/Uor^2]

Fmax=B^2 .2.pi.R^2/(Uor)

If 2.pi.R^2/ (Uor)=constant=K

Therefore Fmax=B^2.K

Which means Fmax is proportional to B^2

 Therefore if there is a small change in magnetic field

then the magnetic force increases as a square of

magnetic field.

 Here this relation clearly shows us with the small

change in magnetic field the magnetic forces will

become the square of the magnitude of magnetic

field.

 Therefore, small change in magnetic field will leads

to a large change in magnetic force.

 So that in this way we will able to generate more

powerful Electromagnetic Brakes.

5. APPLICATION IN TODAY’S SENARIO

In today’s time the more we need speed we also need the

powerful brakes to control the speed at the same time.

EM brakes are an efficient system to control the speed

and the movements. Its application is vast, can be used in

various sectors of technology such as

• It can be used in Railways to stop or control the

speed of trains.

• It can be used in Manufacturing and packaging

industries to control the motion of products on the

conveyer.

• It can be used in Automobile industries to control

motion of cars.

• It can be used in Medical equipments.

• It can be used in robotics.

6. CONCLUSION

Electromagnetic brakes have various inclinations over

frictional component. This brake can be used as halting

instrument in vehicle. It can very well used as a piece of

rail coaches to decelerate the segment moving in quick.

Blend of these brakes extends the brake life and act like

totally stacked brakes. These brakes can be used as a

piece of wet condition, so there is no use of against

slipping instrument. It is totally electrically controlled

which achieves less disasters. The braking power

conveyed right now not as much as the plate brakes.

Thusly, it tends to be used as a helper or emergency

easing back instrument in the cars.

REFERENCES

[1] EM brakes how works from site:

‘https://www.electric-brake.com’.

[2] IRJET (International Research Journal of Engineering

and Technology) Volume5 issue 4.