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General information. Manuscript and other requirements conform to the “Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts
Submitted to Biomedical Journals” established by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (N Engl J
Med 1991;324:424–8). Submitting the materials in the correct format will expedite the review process and prevent
unnecessary delay in publication. All major parts of the manuscript (title page, abstract, text, acknowledgments,
references, tables, and legends for illustrations) must be typed double-spaced in 12-point type. All four margins must
be at least 1 inch, and the right-hand margin should be unjustified (ragged). The manuscript file should be arranged
in the following order: title (without author names), abstract and key words, text, references. All pages must be
numbered, beginning with the title. If a running head is used, it must not include authors’ names.
Cover letter. The cover letter should include: (1) the article title, which should be concise but informative; (2) the
authors’ first and last names, academic degrees, and primary institutional affiliation(s); (3) the full address, telephone
number, and fax number of the author who is to receive reprint requests (email address optional); (4)
acknowledgments, including grant support (granting agency and grant number) and drug company support of any
kind; (5) the name, location, and date of any meetings at which the submitted manuscript has been presented; (6) a
statement indicating that the manuscript represents original material, has not been previously published, and is not
under consideration for publication elsewhere; and (7) a statement that all authors have read and approved the final
submitted version of this manuscript.
Title page. A full title page should be submitted as a separate file and should include: authors’ names, degrees, and
affiliations. Please also include a word count (excluding references, tables, and figures), the number of tables, the
number of figures, and the number of references. Acknowledgments and information concerning potential conflict of
interests should be included in the title page and NOT in the manuscript file.
Abstract. The abstract should not exceed 250 words. Please provide five keywords or phrases to assist indexers. The
words or phrases should preferably be taken from the MeSH headings used for indexing articles in PubMed.
Text. For review articles, the text should begin with an introductory section, include a brief description of the
methods used to select the articles reviewed (database, terms searched, limitations imposed), and end with a
discussion section. The use of subheadings is encouraged.
Tables and figures. Figures, figure legends, and tables should be uploaded as separate documents. Start each section
on a new page.
Abbreviations. Abbreviations may be used but (1) should be employed only for terms appearing repeatedly
throughout the manuscript, (2) must be spelled out the first time they appear in the text, and (3) must be consistent
throughout the manuscript. Abbreviations may not be used in the title and should be avoided, if possible, in the
abstract. Employ standard abbreviations if they exist.
Drug names. Generic rather than trade names of drugs should be used, although trade names may be mentioned in
parentheses in the first text reference to the drug.
Form and numbering of references. References need to be identified in the text, tables, legends (of figures), and
text boxes by Arabic numbers as superscripts. References are numbered in the order in which they first occur,
whether in main text, tables, legends (of figures), or text boxes (NB: for more on numbering references in tables and
in other elements, see separate sections below). The same order (rather than, say, alphabetical order) should be used
in the reference list. Once a reference takes on a number, it keeps that number for all future occurrences in the
article. Author-date citations are unacceptable, both in the text and in the reference list itself. References should not
be entered using a word processor’s footnote or endnote function. If a program such as Endnote or Reference
Manager is not used, superscript numbers will need to be entered in the text, correlated with the numbering of the
reference list. The style of references should follow that of the examples below, using the abbreviated journal titles