THE MAYNOOTH UNIVERSITY
GUIDE TO
THE HARVARD REFERENCING SYSTEM
Second Edition
Fionnuala Ní Mhórdha Adrienne Hobbs
1
PREFACE and ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This referencing handbook is intended for use by staff and students of Maynooth
University.
The first edition of this handbook received support from the National Digital Learning
Repository. This second edition has been supported by the Higher Education Authority
through the Strategic Innovation Development Fund (SIDF). The development of the
handbook is part of a broader collaborative project between Maynooth University and its
SIDF cluster partners, Athlone Institute of Technology, Dublin City University and
Dundalk Institute of Technology. As such, any of our cluster partners are free to
repurpose, reuse and/or rebrand this document as they see fit; where this occurs, this
handbook should be referenced as the source document.
This work was compiled in consultation with the Library and with colleagues from the
following Maynooth University Departments, Schools, Centres and Institutes:
• Adult and Community Education
• Ancient Classics
• Applied Social Studies
• Business
• Celtic Studies
• Centre for Teaching and Learning
• Design Innovation
• Economics, Finance and Accounting
• Education
• Electronic Engineering
• French
• Froebel
• Geography
• Law
• National Institute for Regional and Spatial Analysis - NIRSA
• Nua-Ghaeilge (Modern Irish)
• Modern Languages, Literatures and Cultures
• Writing Centre
These, and all other Maynooth University units, may freely repurpose and/or rebrand the
document as suits their needs.
We would like to thank Dr. Alison Farrell of the Writing Centre, Maynooth University,
Dr. Úna Crowley of the Centre for Teaching and Learning, Maynooth University and
Professor Mark Boyle, Director of NIRSA, Maynooth University for their encouragement
and help in the completion of this work.
2
GENERAL DISCLAIMER
This handbook is intended to enable staff and students to reference material using the
Harvard System. While we have made every effort to ensure the information contained
within it is accurate, we do not claim that this is a definitive guide.
November 2014
3
TABLE&OF&CONTENTS&
TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................. 3!
1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 7!
1.1 Plagiarism ............................................................................................................... 7!
1.2 Turnitin ................................................................................................................... 7!
1.3 Definitions ............................................................................................................... 7!
1.4 General Guidelines for Citations, Reference Lists and Bibliographies ............ 8!
1.5 References with missing details ............................................................................ 8!
1.6 Word Count ............................................................................................................ 9!
2. CITATION IN THE TEXT ....................................................................................... 10!
2.1 Author’s name cited directly in the text ............................................................ 10!
2.2 Author’s name not cited directly in the text ...................................................... 10!
2.3 More than one author’s name cited at the same point ..................................... 10!
2.4 More than one author not cited directly at the same point .............................. 10!
2.5 Two authors for the same work – cited directly ................................................ 10!
2.6 Two authors for the same work – not cited directly ......................................... 11!
2.7 More than two authors for the same work – cited directly .............................. 11!
2.8 More than two authors for the same work – not cited directly ....................... 11!
2.9 More than one author with the same surname in the same year ..................... 11!
2.10 An author referring to a similar point in multiple publications .................... 11!
2.11 An author with more than one publication in the same year ........................ 11!
2.12 Author of a book Foreword/Introduction/Preface .......................................... 11!
2.13 No author on a publication ................................................................................ 12!
2.14 Ancient Texts ...................................................................................................... 12!
2.14.1 Poetic or Dramatic texts - Ancient Texts ...................................................... 12!
2.14.2 Prose texts – Ancient Texts ........................................................................... 12!
2.14.3 The Bible and other sacred texts ................................................................... 12!
2.14.4 A book in The Bible ....................................................................................... 13!
2.15 Corporate authors .............................................................................................. 13!
2.16 Citing a website .................................................................................................. 13!
2.17 No date/copyright ............................................................................................... 13!
2.18 Chapter author in published work ................................................................... 14!
2.19 Citing page numbers .......................................................................................... 14!
2.20 Secondary sources/second hand references (the source cited has not been
seen) .............................................................................................................................. 14!
2.21 Newspaper article – no author listed ................................................................ 14!
2.22 Newspaper article – author known .................................................................. 14!
2.23 Private sources ................................................................................................... 15!
2.24 Conference proceedings ..................................................................................... 15!
2.25 Acts of the Oireachtas/Acts of Parliament ....................................................... 15!
2.26 Government Policy Document .......................................................................... 15!
2.27 European Union ................................................................................................. 15!
2.28 European institution publication ...................................................................... 15!
2.29 International organisation publication ............................................................ 15!
2.30 Images (includes tables, maps, charts, diagrams, photographs, etc.) ........... 16!
4
2.31 Images (includes tables, maps, charts, diagrams, photographs, etc.) adapted
from a secondary source ............................................................................................. 17!
2.32 Computer Program ............................................................................................ 17!
2.33 Mobile Applications ........................................................................................... 17!
3. REFERENCING ........................................................................................................ 18!
3.1 Books ..................................................................................................................... 18!
3.1.1 One Author ...................................................................................................... 18!
3.1.2 More than One Author .................................................................................... 18!
3.1.3 Edited Books ................................................................................................... 18!
3.1.4 Chapters of Edited Books ................................................................................ 18!
3.1.5 Multiple works by the same author, published in the same year .................... 18!
3.1.6 Translated Books ............................................................................................ 19!
3.1.7 Exhibition Catalogue ...................................................................................... 19!
3.1.8 Thesis .............................................................................................................. 19!
3.1.9 Books with no author ...................................................................................... 19!
3.1.10 Dictionary ..................................................................................................... 19!
3.1.11 Books with an introduction, foreword or preface ......................................... 19!
3.1.12 Introduction/foreword/preface to a book ...................................................... 20!
3.1.13 Information on the cover/backcover of a book ............................................. 20!
3.2 e-books .................................................................................................................. 20!
3.2.1 e-Book available through the University Library ........................................... 20!
3.2.2 Open access e-book freely available over the internet ................................... 20!
3.2.3 e-book from specific e-readers or other devices such as Kindle .................... 21!
3.2.4 e-book from a database ................................................................................... 21!
3.3 Articles .................................................................................................................. 21!
3.3.1 Journal Article ................................................................................................ 21!
3.3.2 Journal articles from an electronic source ..................................................... 21!
3.3.3 Newspaper Article – print ............................................................................... 22!
3.3.4 Newspaper Article – web ................................................................................ 22!
3.3.5 Newsletter ....................................................................................................... 22!
3.4 Unpublished Works ............................................................................................. 22!
3.4.1 Pending publication ........................................................................................ 22!
3.4.2 In-house publications ...................................................................................... 22!
3.5 Ancient and Sacred Texts .................................................................................... 23!
3.5.1 Ancient Texts ................................................................................................... 23!
3.5.2 The Bible (or other sacred texts) .................................................................... 23!
3.6 Communication .................................................................................................... 23!
3.6.1 Interview ......................................................................................................... 23!
3.6.2 Letter ............................................................................................................... 23!
3.6.3 Letters – historical archives ............................................................................ 24!
3.7 Electronic Communication ................................................................................. 24!
3.7.1 email ................................................................................................................ 24!
3.7.2 Fax .................................................................................................................. 24!
3.7.3 Website ............................................................................................................ 24!
3.7.4 Blog ................................................................................................................. 24!
3.8 Course Material ................................................................................................... 25!
5
3.8.1 Course Material – printed .............................................................................. 25!
3.8.2 Lecture Notes .................................................................................................. 25!
3.8.3 Lecture Handouts ............................................................................................ 25!
3.8.4 Module materials accessed in Virtual Learning Environments, for example
Moodle ...................................................................................................................... 25!
3.9 Images ................................................................................................................... 25!
3.9.1 Image – printed (including diagrams, figures, photographs, tables,
illustrations, etc.) ...................................................................................................... 25!
3.9.2 Image – on the web ......................................................................................... 26!
3.9.3 Ordnance Survey Map .................................................................................... 26!
3.9.4 Google Earth Map .......................................................................................... 26!
3.10 Legislation and Legal Documents ..................................................................... 26!
3.10.1 Act ................................................................................................................. 26!
3.10.2 EU Directive ................................................................................................. 27!
3.10.3 Dáil Debate ................................................................................................... 27!
3.10.4 Government Policy Document ...................................................................... 27!
3.10.5 Patents ........................................................................................................... 27!
3.10.6 European institution publication .................................................................. 27!
3.10.7 International organisation publication ......................................................... 28!
3.11 Papers and reports ............................................................................................. 28!
3.11.1 Conference paper – published ...................................................................... 28!
3.11.2 Conference paper – unpublished .................................................................. 28!
3.11.3 Entire Conference proceedings ..................................................................... 28!
3.11.4 Research Report ............................................................................................ 28!
3.12 Media ................................................................................................................... 29!
3.12.1 DVD/Video/Broadcasts ................................................................................. 29!
3.12.2 Film ............................................................................................................... 29!
3.12.3 Radio/Television programme ........................................................................ 29!
3.12.4 Radio/Television interview ............................................................................ 29!
3.12.5 Podcast or archived television programme .................................................. 30!
3.12.6 YouTube Video/lecture .................................................................................. 30!
3.12.7 Speech ........................................................................................................... 30!
3.12.8 Press release ................................................................................................. 30!
3.12.9 Online Discussion forum/Mailing list ........................................................... 31!
3.12.10 Facebook ..................................................................................................... 31!
3.12.11 Twitter ......................................................................................................... 31!
3.12.12 Advertisement .............................................................................................. 31!
3.12.13 iTunes .......................................................................................................... 31!
3.12.14 News broadcast ........................................................................................... 31!
3.12.15 Computer Programs .................................................................................... 32!
3.12.16 Mobile Application ...................................................................................... 32!
3.13 The Arts .............................................................................................................. 32!
3.13.1 Live Dance Performance .............................................................................. 32!
3.13.2 CD ................................................................................................................. 32!
3.13.3 Track from a CD ........................................................................................... 32!
3.13.4 Music Score .................................................................................................. 32!
6
3.13.5 Live Musical Performance ............................................................................ 33!
3.13.6 Work of Art seen in Museum or Gallery ....................................................... 33!
4. BIBLIOGRAPHY ...................................................................................................... 34!
7
1.&&INTRODUCT IO N &
This referencing handbook is intended to be used as a guide for writing in-text citations
and for compiling a Reference List or Bibliography using the Maynooth University (MU)
Harvard Referencing style.
With the MU Harvard Referencing style, footnotes and endnotes are rarely, if ever used.
Instead, the author’s surname and year of publication are cited directly in the text. Full
details of each in-text citation are provided in the Reference List or Bibliography. Latin
phrases such as ibid are not recommended.
This is an overall guide to the MU Harvard Referencing style. However, students should
always check with their own department or faculty for specific requirements in relation to
individual subjects. When referencing, what is paramount is consistency.
1.1 Plagiarism
Plagiarism is the passing off of the ideas or writings of others as your own. It is a form of
intellectual theft which is treated very seriously by the University and is heavily penalised
in assignment grading. Kitchin and Fuller (2005: 32-35) provide a clear overview of the
type of violations that incur sanctions. It is essential to correctly acknowledge all material
obtained from other sources.
Full details on Maynooth University’s policy on plagiarism can be found at:
http://www.maynoothuniversity.ie/sites/default/files/assets/document/NUIMaynoothPolic
yonPlagiarism.pdf (accessed 06 November 2014).
There are a number of different referencing methods ands styles. This guide is concerned
with the Harvard style, used by many academic departments in Maynooth University.
When submitting articles to journals for publication, authors should ensure they follow
the guidance provided by the editor regarding grammar, punctuation and style.
When submitting assignments electronically, many departments use a plagiarism
detection software package called Turnitin.
1.2 Turnitin
Turnitin is the software system used by Maynooth University to help students manage the
online submission of assignments and coursework. Further details on Turnitin and how it
can assist students and staff to avoid potential instances of plagiarism in their work can be
found on the Maynooth University Centre for Teaching and Learning website at:
https://www.maynoothuniversity.ie/centre-teaching-and-learning/technology-enhanced-
learning/turnitin (accessed 06 November 2014).
1.3 Definitions
Citation refers to the practice of acknowledging, in the body of your text, the work of
other authors.
8
A Reference List contains the complete details of all the sources cited in the body of
your text. All entries must be listed in alphabetical order.
A Bibliography contains the complete details of all the sources cited in the body of your
text PLUS the complete details of any other sources you may have accessed while
creating your work. All entries must be listed in alphabetical order.
1.4 General Guidelines for Citations, Reference Lists and Bibliographies
• In the MU Harvard Referencing style, items should always be arranged
alphabetically.
• You should not break down the material according to type of resource (books,
journals, electronic journals, etc.), unless you have been specifically instructed to
do so. Therefore, unless instructed, all resources should be listed in the Reference
List or Bibliography in strict alphabetical order.
• Each resource or item used should be listed in the Reference List or Bibliography
only once. However, a resource should be cited in-text each time you use
information from it.
• If using a number of references by the same author, the convention is to put the
references in order by year, starting with the earliest first.
• If using a number of references by the same author and the same year, you should
use letters (a, b, c, d) after the year in your in-text citations, and also in your
Reference List or Bibliography, in order to distinguish them for the reader.
• If there is no author, the resource or item should be listed under the first
significant word in the Reference List or Bibliography, i.e. not under ‘The’ or
‘A’.
• Figures and Tables should be numbered according to the chapter in which they
appear. For example, Figure 4.1 is the first figure in Chapter Four and Table 6.2
is the second table in Chapter Six.
• A List of Figures and/or a List of Tables should appear separately, after the Table
of Contents in a thesis, report or assignment.
• Use both authors’ surnames linked by “and” when citing them directly, but linked
by “&” when citing indirectly. (For examples see sections 2.5 and 2.6)
• Do not include authors’ titles e.g. Prof, Dr.
• When citing year of publication use full digits, for example, 2001.
• Please note the importance of following the correct punctuation guidelines as
outlined.
• URLs should not be included in in-text citations. URLs should be included in the
Reference List or Bibliography citation, with the URL address underlined.
1.5 References with missing details
If no date can be established for your reference, use n.d.
If approximate year can be established, use c.
If no author is identifiable use Anon.
If place of publication is not specified, use s.l. (Latin: sine loco)
If name of publisher is not included, use s.n. (Latin: sine nomine).
9
1.6 Word Count
The usual convention is that a Reference List or Bibliography does not form part of the
overall word count, nor do appendices or the Table of Contents. Generally, everything in
the actual text itself, including, for example, quotations and in-text citations, forms part of
the word count. However, students are advised to confirm this with their individual
departments.
There are referencing software packages available, for example, EndNote Web, which
can be accessed via the Maynooth University Library website.
10
2.&&CITATION&IN&THE&TEXT&&
Reference to sources within the text must be cited, in addition to the final Reference List
or Bibliography. This can be done in a number of ways depending on the nature of the
sentence and paragraph being written. The MU Harvard Referencing style does not use
footnotes; rather citations are inserted in the text with the full reference details appearing
in the final Reference List or Bibliography.
2.1 Author’s name cited directly in the text
When referring to an author’s work in the text, their name is followed by the year of
publication in brackets and forms part of the sentence.
Example: Ryan (2004) stresses the importance of referencing correctly when writing for
academia.
2.2 Author’s name not cited directly in the text
If an author’s name is not cited directly in the text (as in 2.1 above) the author’s surname
and year of publication is placed at the relevant point in the sentence, or at the end of the
sentence in brackets.
Example: When writing for academia it is essential that the publications being referred to
are cited correctly (Ryan, 2004).
2.3 More than one author’s name cited at the same point
If more than one author is being referred to, each one should be cited within the text.
Example: Smith (2001) and Murphy (2006) both refer to good citation practice as being
essential when writing for academic purposes.
2.4 More than one author not cited directly at the same point
If more than one author is being cited, the authors’ names should be listed in order of
publication and separated by a semi-colon.
Example: Many authors (Ryan, 2004; Smith, 2006; Jones, 2007) have written about the
importance of correct referencing procedures when writing for academia.
2.5 Two authors for the same work – cited directly
Both authors should be cited in the text.
Example: White and Green (1999) refer to the excessively long waiting lists …
11
2.6 Two authors for the same work – not cited directly
Where two authors are not cited directly in the text, both authors’ surnames and year of
publication are placed at the relevant point in the sentence, or at the end of the sentence in
brackets.
Example: Research undertaken in Ireland (White & Green, 1999) has highlighted that …
2.7 More than two authors for the same work – cited directly
Where there are more than two authors for the same work, only the first author’s surname
should be used, followed by et al. meaning ‘and others’. This is then followed by the
year of publication in brackets.
Example: Barry et al. (2002) maintain that young people in Ireland today …
2.8 More than two authors for the same work – not cited directly
Only the first author’s surname followed by et al. meaning ‘and others’ and the year of
publication are included in the text.
Example: A survey conducted among primary school children in Ireland found that many
did not eat breakfast before coming to school (Jackson et al., 2000).
2.9 More than one author with the same surname in the same year
Authors must be differentiated and identified in the text by using their initials.
Example: Research carried out on levels of obesity among teenagers in Ireland
(O’Connor, P., 2003) found levels to be increasing. This was corroborated by O’Connor,
R. (2003) in further research on this topic.
2.10 An author referring to a similar point in multiple publications
Only list the author’s surname once, followed by the years in chronological order, each
separated by a comma.
Example: Newman (2000, 2002, 2003) maintains that the planning system in Ireland …
2.11 An author with more than one publication in the same year
Each work should be differentiated by adding a lower case letter after the year of each
item.
Example: Initial research by Parker (2001a) found evidence of corruption, but a follow up
survey also conducted by Parker (2001b) casts doubt on those earlier findings.
2.12 Author of a book Foreword/Introduction/Preface
When citing a foreword, introduction or preface that has been written by someone other
than the author of the book itself, cite the name of the section author.
Example: In the preface to the book, Jones (1995) outlines …
12
2.13 No author on a publication
Where it is not possible to establish the author or authors of a work, include the title of
the work in lieu of the author’s surname, followed by the year of publication.
Example: A report published recently (Teenage eating habits in Ireland, 2013) …
2.14 Ancient Texts
If possible, refer to a particular line, chapter or book of the work rather than using page
numbers from a modern version. At times, it may be necessary to give approximate line
numbers. This can happen when not all lines of the ancient text have been rendered
exactly with a line from a modern translation of the work.
2.14.1 Poetic or Dramatic texts - Ancient Texts
Such texts include poems and plays and can be divided into books or scenes. They are
always divided into individual lines.
Example: Virgil, Aeneid, 3.466
2.14.2 Prose texts – Ancient Texts
These include historical works, essays, speeches and letters. They are divided into books
and chapters and sometimes, sections.
Example: Referring to the killing of Brutus and Cassius’ disarming of the Republic
(Tacitus, Annals, 1.2) …
Where only one work by an author survives, no title is required.
Example: Observing the ethnicity of the peoples from ancient Illyricum, the geographer
Strabo (4.6.10) …
2.14.3 The Bible and other sacred texts
Page numbers are not included when citing religious texts. Specific details of chapters
and/or verses should be included in your citation.
Example: “Thus the heavens and the earth were finished …” (The Bible, Genesis. 2:1).
Note: for other sacred texts such as The Quran or The Tipitaka, it is very important that
the text being cited is clearly located for the reader, and that the appropriate numbering
system is used. Convention also dictates that the titles of religious texts are not italicised.
13
2.14.4 A book in The Bible
Provide the title of the chapter or book in brackets in place of the author, give the chapter
number (in the case of The Bible), add a colon and provide the verse number.
Example: Asahal was the brother of Joab and was one of the mighty men of the armies
(1 Chronicles 11:26).
2.15 Corporate authors
A work by a recognised organisation such as Aer Lingus, The Road Safety Authority or
The Department of Education but which has no individual author listed, should be cited
under the name of the body that commissioned it. The full name should be given in the
first citation. Thereafter, it is acceptable to use the standard abbreviation.
Example: A report on road traffic deaths in Ireland (Road Safety Authority, 2009) …
An earlier report (RSA, 2007) highlighted …
2.16 Citing a website
Unless the author’s name is obvious on the website, cite the name of the person or
organisation responsible for the website and the date of the most recent update. If the
most recent update is not available, use the date the website was created.
Example: Unicef is making every effort to supply clean drinking water to thousands of
children affected by the floods and has instigated a vaccination programme in relief
centres (Forde, 2010).
Note: Never include the web address (URL) in the in-text citation. Full website
addresses appear only in the Reference List or Bibliography. The example above has
been adapted from Unicef’s website but only the name of the contributor is used in the
text.
2.17 No date/copyright
If the date of publication is unknown, the abbreviation n.d. is used in place of the year to
denote this.
Example: Murray (n.d.) states that …
OR
Previous research on this topic (Murray, n.d.) demonstrated how …
If only the copyright year is in the book, rather than the year of publication, the year
should be preceded with a ‘c’.
Example: Lewis (c2005) maintains that further research is required.
14
2.18 Chapter author in published work
Reference to work by an author of a chapter in a book edited by another person should be
cited within the text using the author’s name, not the editor’s name. Details of the book
chapter and the editor of the entire work will both appear in the final Reference List or
Bibliography.
Example: Ray (2010) examines the participation of children in some of the poorest parts
of the world.
Note: Ray’s (2010) essay is one of thirty-one essays by different authors included in a
book edited by two individuals.
2.19 Citing page numbers
Direct quotations or paraphrasing of specific sections of a source should also include
page numbers in order to direct the reader to the exact location of the citation.
Example: “The origin of this work can be found in …” (Peters, 2003: 141).
2.20 Secondary sources/second hand references (the source cited has not been seen)
Although always advisable to track down the original reference, there may be incidences
where one has to reference work that has not been seen but which has been referred to in
another work.
Example: Research carried out in America by Gilmore (2002, cited in Ford, 2008) found
that …
OR
In research conducted in Arizona (Mason, 1967, cited in Howard, 1988) it was found that
25% of those surveyed …
Note: in a final Reference List, only works that have been cited in-text should be listed,
whereas in a Bibliography, details of all sources should be included.
2.21 Newspaper article – no author listed
The title of the newspaper, followed by the year of publication, is inserted into the text.
Example: Anti-social behaviour orders were issued against four individuals (Meath
Chronicle, 2008).
Note: the name of the newspaper is italicised.
2.22 Newspaper article – author known
It is the name of the author, not the newspaper title, which is inserted into the text.
Example: The rioting which followed the football match was brief, but violent (Ward,
2010).
15
2.23 Private sources
This includes letters, emails, memos, internal documents, theses and working papers not
available to the general public. All material consulted for a paper or assignment must be
acknowledged in the text in the normal fashion.
Example: Clooney (2007) argues that air travel should be free for all.
2.24 Conference proceedings
Conference proceedings are published after the conference itself. However, the date in
brackets after the author’s name refers to the date the paper was delivered.
Example: Pitt (2009) delivered an inspiring paper that focused on the concept of age
regression. (For further details see section 3.11)
2.25 Acts of the Oireachtas/Acts of Parliament
Example: The Inland Fisheries Act (2010) deals with …
If necessary, Acts in different countries can be distinguished by naming the countries in
square brackets.
Example: Banking Act (2009) [United Kingdom] states …
2.26 Government Policy Document
As per Section 2.13 ‘no author on a publication’.
Example: Recent Government housing policy (Delivering Homes, Sustaining
Communities: Statement on Housing Policy, 2007) …
2.27 European Union
Example: 2006/66/EC (Battery Directive) relates to …
2.28 European institution publication
Example: Legislation relating to this issue (European Court of Auditors, 2014) was
drafted …
2.29 International organisation publication
Example: A publication by the World Health Organisation (2005) …
16
2.30 Images (includes tables, maps, charts, diagrams, photographs, etc.)
The source of all images reproduced (in full or in part) in the body of your text must be
acknowledged in the text with author and year as required for quotations. Full details
then appear in the Reference List or Bibliography.
Example: In an aerial map of the area (Google Earth, 2012), two derelict cottages are
visible in the left foreground.
Photographs should be labelled Plate and the source should also always be
acknowledged, underneath the image, with the full reference given in the Reference List
or Bibliography.
Plate 1: Player in Féile final, 2010
Source: Ní Mhórdha, F. (2010)
17
2.31 Images (includes tables, maps, charts, diagrams, photographs, etc.) adapted
from a secondary source
If the information contained within is not one’s own, the source must be acknowledged in
the text with author and year as for quotations. For example, if you have created or
adapted a table/chart from secondary data, this must be acknowledged.
Country or
Area
GDP (per capita)
US$
Andorra
33546
Austria
35560
Belgium
34713
Botswana
13089
Table 1.2: Life expectancy and GDP per capita in selected countries
Source: UN data (2010) [online].
Note: Full details of the source should be inserted into the Reference List or
Bibliography, with the URL underlined.
2.32 Computer Program
The in-text citation for a computer program is simply the surname of program owner (or
company) followed by the year.
Example: Carson (2012) …
Note: Convention dictates that it is the American spelling of ‘program’ that is used.
2.33 Mobile Applications
The in-text citation for a mobile application is simply the company (or surname of the
app developer) followed by the year.
Example: Apple (2013) …
18
3.&&REFERENCING&
3.1 Books
3.1.1 One Author
Surname(s), Initial(s). (Year of publication) Title of Book: subtitle (if any). Series (if
any), Volume number (if any), Edition (only if not the first edition). Place of publication:
Publisher.
Example: Breznitz, D. (2005) Innovation and the state: political choice, and strategies
for growth in Israel, Taiwan and Ireland. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
3.1.2 More than One Author
Example: Redman, R., White, C. and Black, W. (2008) Computer Analysis Techniques.
2
nd
ed. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
3.1.3 Edited Books
Surname(s), Initial(s). ed(s). (Year of publication) Title of Book. Series (if any), Volume
number (if any), Edition (only if not the first edition). Place of publication: Publisher.
Example: McNamara, R., Hobbs, A. and Moran, R., eds. (2000) Social Exclusion in
Ireland. Focus on Social Health Series, Vol. 8, London: Pluto Press.
3.1.4 Chapters of Edited Books
Chapter Author(s) Surname(s), Initial(s). (Year of Chapter) Title of chapter followed by
In: Book editor(s) Surname(s) and Initial(s). with ed. Or eds. After the last name. (Year of
publication) Title of Book. Place of publication: Publisher. Chapter number or page
numbers.
Example: Neill, S. (1989) Feminism In: Streep, M., ed. (1989) A neoliberal perspective
on dingo behaviour. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Ch. 4.
OR
Neill, S. (1989) Feminism In: Streep, M., ed. (1989) A neoliberal perspective on dingo
behaviour. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 130-145.
3.1.5 Multiple works by the same author, published in the same year
In this situation the publications should be differentiated by adding a lower case letter
after the year of publication.
Example: Brown, B. (2001a) Women and the Irish Language. London: Routledge.
Brown, B. (2001b) Men and the Irish Language. London: Routledge.
19
3.1.6 Translated Books
The reference for translated books should contain the name of the translator.
Example: Sorgo, P. (2000) The Essential Homer. Translated by S. Portogrin.
Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company.
Note: The translator’s name is not written surname first.
3.1.7 Exhibition Catalogue
Surname(s), Initial(s). (If not author, state gallery) (Year of Publication) Title of
exhibition. City, Gallery.
Example: National Gallery of Ireland (2009) The Impressionist Era. Dublin, National
Gallery of Ireland.
3.1.8 Thesis
Surname, Initial(s). (Year) Full Title of Thesis. Unpublished Level, Place of University
(if not included in the name of university): Name of University.
Example: Ledger, H. (2004) Global change and Mountain Regions. Unpublished Ph.D.
thesis, University of Wyoming.
3.1.9 Books with no author
Title of Book. (Year of publication) Place of publication: Publisher.
Example: Beginners Guide to Physical Geography. (2005) Maynooth: Maynooth
University Press.
3.1.10 Dictionary
Dictionary publisher (Year) Full title of dictionary. Place of publication: Publisher.
Example: Chambers (2012) Chambers paperback dictionary. London: Chambers Harpers
Publishers Ltd.
3.1.11 Books with an introduction, foreword or preface
Surname(s), Initial(s). (Year) Title of book. Additional details of the edition. Place of
publication: Publisher.
Example: Jones, M. (2002) Adventures of a galactic explorer. With an introduction by D.
Adams. London: Penguin.
20
3.1.12 Introduction/foreword/preface to a book
If referring to the introduction, foreword or preface of a book written by somebody other
than the author(s) of the book itself, you must cite this separately.
Author of the introduction/foreword/preface Surname(s), Initial(s). (Year of publication)
Title of the introduction In: Author of main text Initial(s). Surname(s), Title of main text.
Place of publication: Publisher.
Example: Adams, D. (2002) Introduction In: M. Jones, Adventures of a galactic explorer.
London: Penguin.
Note: The author of the book itself is not written surname first.
3.1.13 Information on the cover/backcover of a book (where the author is known)
Surname(s), Initial(s). (Year) Cover location In: Author of book Initial(s). Surname(s),
Title of book. Place of publication: Publisher.
Example: Smyth, U. (2001) Backcover In: K. Cassidy, The moons of Saturn. New York:
Orion Press.
3.2 e-books
3.2.1 e-Book available through the University Library (accessed via a password
protected database from the Maynooth University Library.
Surname(s), Initial(s). (Year) Title of book [e-book]. Place of publication: Publisher.
Available at: Maynooth University Library URL address (accessed date).
Example: Talisse, R. & Aiken, S. (2008) Pragmatism: a guide for the perplexed [e-book].
London: Continuum International Publishing. Available at: Maynooth University Library
website
http://site.ebrary.com.nuim.ie/lib/nuim/docDetail.action?docID=10427042 (accessed 07
November 2014).
3.2.2 Open access e-book freely available over the internet (e.g. via Google books)
Surname(s), Initial(s). (Year) Title of book [e-book]. Place of publication (if known):
Publisher. Available at: e-book source and URL address of the e-book (accessed date).
Example: Clark, J. and Simpson, S. (2007) The forgotten landscape [e-book]. Durham:
DPublishers. Available at: Google Books http://booksgoogle.com (accessed 11 January
2009).
21
3.2.3 e-book from specific e-readers or other devices such as Kindle
Surname(s), Initial(s). (Year) Title of book [e-book type]. Place of publication (if
available): Publisher. Available at: e-book source and URL address for e-book (accessed
date).
Example: Potterton, B. (2012) A life in the Lake District [Kindle]. Zoom Media.
Available at: Amazon.co.uk http://www.amazon.co.uk (accessed 10 May 2014).
3.2.4 e-book from a database
Surname(s), Initial(s). (Year) Title [online]. Place of publication: Publisher. Available at:
database name and URL address (accessed date).
Example: Mauro, R. (2015) Traffic and random processes: an introduction [online].
Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. Available at: SpringerLink
http://link.springer.com.nuim.ie/book/10.1007/978-3-319-09324-6 (accessed 16
November 2014).
Note: e-books must be referenced according to where you accessed and read them. To
include a quotation from an e-book that has no page numbers, you should use the section
heading or chapter heading to assist the reader locate the quotation.
&
3.3 Articles
3.3.1 Journal Article
Surname(s), Initial(s). (Year of publication) Title of Article. Full Title of Journal,
Volume number (issue/part number), page numbers.
Example: Mills, E.S. (1967) An aggregative model of resource allocation in a
metropolitan area. American Economic Review, 57(2), 197-210.
Note: If volume and issue number are absent, include date/month of publication.
3.3.2 Journal articles from an electronic source
Surname(s), Initial(s). (Year of publication) Title of article. Full title of journal
[medium]. Volume number (issue/part number), page numbers if available. Available at:
URL (accessed date).
Example: Forrest, P. (2003) Unemployment patterns in rural Ireland. Rural Studies
[online]. 35(4), 41-53. Available at: http://libweb.maynooth.ie./library/ejournals/314
(accessed 1 July 2004).
22
3.3.3 Newspaper Article – print
Surname(s), Initial(s). (Year of publication) Title of article. Title of Newspaper, date,
page number.
Example: Day-Lewis, D. (1998) Mining in California. Irish Times, 15 May 1998, 4.
Note: “The” is omitted in newspaper titles if it is at the beginning of the title.
3.3.4 Newspaper Article – web
Surname(s), Initial(s). (Year of publication) Title of article. Title of Newspaper [online]
date. Available at: URL (accessed date).
Example: Day-Lewis, D. (1998) Mining in California. Irish Times [online] 15 May 1998.
Available at:
http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/features/2010/0824/122234577440467.html
(accessed 12 August 2010).
3.3.5 Newsletter
Surname(s), Initial(s). (Year of publication) Title of article. Title of Newsletter, Publisher,
Issue number, date, page number.
Example: Winslet, K. (1994) The impact of rising sea levels on the tourist industry.
Newsletter of the Department of Fisheries, Belfast Publishing, Issue 3 (Winter), 15-43.
3.4 Unpublished Works
If you find yourself unable to provide all the necessary details, adhere to the guidelines as
closely as is possible.
3.4.1 Pending publication
Example: Cameron, J. (in press) Exploring new dimensions of Space. London: Blue
House Press.
3.4.2 In-house publications
Example: Department of Geography (2010) First Year Handbook. Maynooth: Maynooth
University Press.
23
3.5 Ancient and Sacred Texts
3.5.1 Ancient Texts
Referencing ancient texts can be challenging for a number of reasons including
occasional inconsistencies among referenced titles and also differences between an
original and a translated version of a work. Furthermore, some ancient texts simply do
not exist in modern form. However, what is most important is that the reader is able to
locate the passage being referred to, no matter what edition is being read.
In the Reference List or Bibliography, details of the author, title, place and date of
publication must be provided. If the work has been translated, details of the translator
should be included in addition to the title of the modern publication. The publication date
should be the modern, rather than the ancient, date the work was published.
Surname(s), Initial(s). if known, Title. Translated by Initial(s). Surname(s) (Year)
Location: Publisher.
Example: Homer, The Odyssey. Translated by R. Fagles (2006) London: Penguin.
Referencing a modern book written by an author about an ancient text is as per Section
3.1.
3.5.2 The Bible (or other sacred texts)
Editor surname(s) Initial(s). ed. (Year) Title of the Bible. Edition if appropriate. Place of
publication: Publisher.
Example: Howard, H. ed. (1998) The Holy Bible: The King James Version. 2
nd
ed.
Chicago: Chicago Press.
3.6 Communication
Permission should always be sought before these sources are quoted. It is important to
note the medium of communication. If the information you are referencing was obtained
by personal communication such as a telephone call or interview, this should be cited in
the text and not included in your Reference List or Bibliography.
3.6.1 Interview
Example: Parkinson, M. (1999) Interview with Prof. Mark Boyle, 15 December 1999
[Cassette recording].
3.6.2 Letter
Example: Sarandon, S. (2004) A discussion on the gambling industry in Atlantic City
[Letter] (Personal communication, 12 April 2004).
24
3.6.3 Letters – historical archives
Surname(s), Initial(s). Subject matter. Letter to recipient’s name, date. Held in name of
collection, city.
Example: Pearse, P. The Easter Rising. Letter to his Mother, 1 May 1916. Held in
National Library of Ireland, Dublin.
3.7 Electronic Communication
3.7.1 email
Sender(s) Surname(s), Initial(s). Sender’s email address (Year) Subject title [medium]
Recipient’s name (email address). Date sent (accessed date).
Example: Jackson, P. [email protected] (2001) Re: Information on course
structure [email] Message to K. Kong ([email protected]). Sent 12 July 2001
(accessed 13 July 2001).
Note: Permission should always be sought before personal email addresses are quoted.
3.7.2 Fax
Surname(s), Initial(s). (Year) Position, role or status of author. Title or subject of fax.
Type of communication and identity of recipient, day and month [personal
communication].
Example: Sampras, P. (1996) Senior coach. How to coach tennis. Fax to the author, 10
July 1996 [personal communication].
3.7.3 Website
Authorship or Source (Year created or last updated) Title of web document or web page
[medium]. Available at: URL (accessed date).
Example: Department of Health and Children (2010) Freedom of Information [online].
Available at: http://www.dohc.ie/foi/ (accessed 1 May 2010).
3.7.4 Blog
Surname(s), Initial(s). (Year of publication). Subject of post, Blog title [online]. Date of
posting. Available at: URL (accessed date).
Example: Kitchin, R. (2010) The data and evidence deficit in Ireland, Ireland after
NAMA [online]. Available at: http://irelandafternama.wordpress.com/ (accessed 3
September 2010).
25
3.8 Course Material
As not all lecturers/tutors will be happy for you to cite directly from lectures, it is
recommended that you check with them before doing so.
3.8.1 Course Material – printed
Surname(s), Initial(s). (Year of publication) Title of course material, Module code:
Module title, College, Department, unpublished.
Example: Andrews, J. (2001) Exploring the Austrian Landscape, GY402: European
studies, National University of Ireland Maynooth, Department of Geography,
unpublished.
3.8.2 Lecture Notes
Surname(s), Initial(s). (Year) Lecture title, Module Code: Title of module. Date of lecture,
teaching institution.
Example: Fermat, K. (2014) Multiple Regression Techniques, GY8970: Quantitative
Research Methods. 17 April 2014, Maynooth University.
3.8.3 Lecture Handouts
Surname(s), Initial(s). (Year) Lecture title, Lecture notes distributed in Module Code:
Title of module. Date, teaching institution.
Example: Fermat, K. (2014) Multiple Regression Techniques, Lecture notes distributed in
GY897: Quantitative Research Methods. 17 April 2014, Maynooth University.
3.8.4 Module materials accessed in Virtual Learning Environments, for example
Moodle
Surname(s), Initial(s). of lecturer(s). (Year) Title [Format accessed through the VLE, e.g.
Moodle, Blackboard]. Module Code: Title of module. Teaching institution (accessed
date).
Example: Fermat, K. (2014) Multiple Regression Techniques [PowerPoint presentation
accessed through Moodle]. GY8970: Quantitative Research Methods. Maynooth
University (accessed 17 April 2014).
3.9 Images
3.9.1 Image – printed (including diagrams, figures, photographs, tables,
illustrations, etc.)
Surname(s), Initial(s). (Year of publication) Title of book which contains the image. Place
of publication: Publisher, page, illus.
Example: Crowe, R. (1978) Arresting Images. London: Hotel Press, 999, illus.
26
3.9.2 Image – on the web
Surname(s), Initial(s). (Year of publication) Title of image [online type of image].
Available at: URL (accessed date).
Example: Gibson, M. (2010) Recording Devices [online photograph]. Available at:
http://www.dnr.gov.bp/Broadcasting/Audio+Media+Services+Directive (accessed 10
October 2010).
3.9.3 Ordnance Survey Map
Map maker (Year of issue) Title of map. Map series. Sheet number, scale. Place of
publication: Publisher.
Example: Ordnance Survey (2009) Kildare County. 25 inch series. Sheet number 10,
1:2500. Dublin: Ordnance Survey Ireland.
3.9.4 Google Earth Map
Google Earth version (if applicable) (Year data released) Image details - location, co-
ordinates, elevation. Data set (if applicable) [online]. Available at: URL address
(accessed date).
Example: Google Earth 7.0 (2012) Derelict Cottages 54°39'15.14"N, 0°25'05.15"W,
elevation 55M. 3D Buildings data layer [online]. Available at:
http://www.google.com/earth/index.html (accessed 28 December 2012).
3.10 Legislation and Legal Documents
Note: The Department of Law at Maynooth University does not advocate using Harvard
as a referencing method. Instead it advises Law students to use the OSCOLA Ireland
standard (based on the UK Oxford Standard for the Citation of Legal Authorities).
The guides to references below are therefore intended for non-Law students and staff who
may have occasion to reference a legal document in their work.
3.10.1 Act
Government Country of Act, Title of Act (the year is included in the title), S. (if a section
has been referred to), Place of publication: Publisher.
Example: Government of Ireland, Statute Law Provision Act 2009, S.1, Dublin: Dublin
Stationery Office.
27
3.10.2 EU Directive
Title of Directive.
Example: Directive 2001/29/EC, (sometimes known as the Information Society
Directive), of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 May 2001 on the
harmonisation of certain aspects of copyright and related rights in the information
society.
Note: The title here includes the institutional origin, year, legislation number, the date it
was passed and its alternative title (if any).
3.10.3 Dáil Debate
Speaker (if required) Dáil Debates Volume No., Column Nos., Date of Speech.
Example: John Gormley Dáil Debates 352, Cols. 2173-8, 1 June 2006.
3.10.4 Government Policy Document
Name of government department in full (Year) Title of policy. Location: Name of
publisher (if name of publishing department not known).
Example: Department of the Environment, Heritage and Local government (2007)
Delivering Homes, Sustaining Communities: Statement on Housing Policy. Dublin:
Department of the Environment, Heritage and Local Government.
Note: It can be difficult to trace citation rules for official government publications.
Above are suggestions on how to complete such citations. The most important thing is to
include as much detail as possible and to be consistent. For journals, be guided by
submission rules and/or editor’s guidelines; when preparing theses, follow department
and supervisor guidelines.
3.10.5 Patents
Inventor(s) Surname(s), Initial(s). (Year) Title of publication. Series designation.
Example: Gordon, C.J. (2000) Non sugar chocolate. British Patent BG 709251.
Note: Where possible, identify the type of patent being referred to (Irish, British,
European, American, etc.). This can be done by indicating the origin after the title.
3.10.6 European institution publication
Name of EU institution (Year) Title. Place of publication: Publisher, (series if applicable).
Example: European Court of Auditors (2014) 2013 EU audit in brief. Luxembourg:
Publications Office of the European Union.
28
3.10.7 International organisation publication
Name of organisation or institution (Year) Title. Place of publication: Publisher.
Example: World Health Organisation (2005) A concise guide to hospital care for
children: Guidelines for the management of common illnesses with limited resources. 2
nd
ed. Switzerland: World Health Organisation.
3.11 Papers and reports
3.11.1 Conference paper – published
Surname(s), Initials(s). (Year of publication) Title of conference paper. In: Editor, Chair
or name of organisation, Full title of conference. Location, Date. Place of location:
Publisher.
Example: Pitt, B. (2009) The performance concept in age regression. In: Proceedings of
Gerontology in the United States of America, September 2009. New York: New York
Public Press.
3.11.2 Conference paper – unpublished
Surname(s), Initial(s). (Year of conference) Title of paper. Unpublished paper presented
at: Title of conference. Location of conference, Conference date.
Example: Hunt. H. (2006) ‘Twas only a strong wind? Unpublished paper presented at:
American Annual Wind Chasers Conference. Oklahoma, 22-24 April 2006.
3.11.3 Entire Conference proceedings
Name of conference including number (Year) Location of conference if appropriate.
(Year of publication) (if different from year of conference). Title of published work. Place
of publication: Publisher.
Example: IT&T 2006: IT&T Annual Conference (2006) Carlow Institute of Technology
Carlow. Digital convergence in a knowledge society. Cork: Tecnet.
3.11.4 Research Report
Surname(s), Initial(s). (Year of publication) Title. Research report number (if any), Place
of publication: Publisher.
Example: Grant, H. (1999) Street Trading in Los Angeles. Report number 1, London:
Mintel International.
29
3.12 Media
Note: In relation to media items that have been broadcast, it is imperative to specify if
referring to an online broadcast (URL must be included) or a broadcast that has been
self-recorded (the date of the original broadcast must be included).
3.12.1 DVD/Video/Broadcasts
Full title of DVD/video. (Year of distribution) [medium]. Director (if any). Country of
origin: Film studio or maker. (other relevant details such as narrator).
Example: The Day after Tomorrow. (2004) [DVD]. United States of America: 20th
Century Fox Home Entertainment.
3.12.2 Film
Title. (Year of release) [medium]. Director. Country of origin: Film studio.
Example: Apocalypse Now. (1979) [film]. Directed by Francis Ford Coppola. United
States of America: Zoetrope Studios.
Note: Director’s name is not written surname first.
3.12.3 Radio/Television programme
Title of programme. (Year) Name of channel, Date of transmission, Time of transmission.
Example: Higher Ground. (2010) RTÉ One, 25 August 2010, 8 p.m.
Note: Be sure to include the actual date of transmission for series that are broadcast
throughout the year.
3.12.4 Radio/Television interview
Interviewee surname(s), Initial(s). (Year) Interview on: Title of programme [format].
Name of channel, Date of transmission, Time of transmission.
Example: Kenny, E. (2010) Interview on: Nine o’clock news [television]. RTÉ One, 05
March 2010, 9 p.m.
30
3.12.5 Podcast or archived television programme
Broadcaster (Year) Programme title, Series Title [podcast]. Date of transmission.
Available at: Programme URL (accessed date).
Example: RTÉ Radio 1 (2009) Through African ears, The curious ear [podcast]. 18
September 2009. Available at: http://www.rte.ie/radio1/doconone/the-curious-ear-
doconone-through-african-ears.html (accessed 24 August 2010).
Note: Where the podcast is a video, this should be noted specifically under [format].
Example: Surname(s) of author/artist, Initial(s). (Year) Title of programme [format].
Date. Available at: URL address (accessed date).
Carberry, G. (2011) A day in my life [video podcast]. 22 August 2011. Available at:
http://www.carberryg.com/2014/1106/657315 (accessed 20 October 2012).
3.12.6 YouTube Video/lecture
Screen name of contributor. (Year) Title, Series title if available [video online]. Available
at: URL address (accessed date).
Example: David Harvey. (2008) Spaces of global capitalism: towards an era of uneven
geographical thought [video online]. Available at:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tr1Cj1QzdCY (accessed 24 August 2010).
Note: Contributor’s name is not written surname first.
3.12.7 Speech
Author(s) Surname(s), Initial(s). (Year of speech) Title or description, not in italics,
where no title is available, speech date, place. Available at: URL address (accessed date).
Example: Obama, B. (2009) Barack Obama’s Inaugural Address, 21 January 2009,
Washington. Available at: http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/20/us/politics/20text-
obama.html (accessed 24 August 2010).
3.12.8 Press release
Author of release, (Year of publication) Title [online] date. Available at: URL address
(accessed date).
Example: National University of Ireland Maynooth, (2010) Growing demand drives
increase in points for courses at NUI Maynooth [online] 23 August 2010. Available at:
http://communications.nuim.ie/press/230810.shtml (accessed 24 August 2010).
31
3.12.9 Online Discussion forum/Mailing list
Surname(s), Initial(s). (Date of mail) Title of discussion [format]. Available at: URL
address (accessed date).
Example: Witherspoon, R. (30 June 2014) Walking the DUI line Policing in Atlanta
[online]. Available at: http:www.jiscmail.ac.usa/Atlanta/doyouknowwhoiam (accessed 14
August 2014).
3.12.10 Facebook
Surname(s), Initial(s). (Year) Title of page [Facebook] Day/month post written. Available
at: URL address (accessed date).
Example: Doherty, K. (2012) Customer Feedback Group [Facebook] 02 March 2012.
Available at: www.facebook.com/doherty (accessed 04 April 2014).
3.12.11 Twitter
Surname(s), Initial(s). (Year) Full text of tweet [Twitter] Day/month tweet written.
Available at: URL (accessed date).
Example: Burke, D. (2013) Ireland is recovering [Twitter] 22 May 2013. Available at:
https://twitter .com/ irelandtoday/promotions (accessed 20 June 2013).
3.12.12 Advertisement
Company/Product (Year produced) Description of advertisement (duration) [Television
advertisement]. Transmitting organisation/channel, (date seen).
Example: Budweiser Beer (1995) Frogs saying ‘Bud’, ‘Weis’ and ‘Er’ (31 secs)
[Television advertisement]. RTÉ 2, (5 December 2001).
3.12.13 iTunes
Artist(s) (Year) Title of recording [Download]. Available at: URL (accessed date).
Example: Gaga, L. (2012) Poker Face [Download]. Available at:
http://www.apple.com/itunes/download/?id=123456789 (accessed 12 December 2013).
3.12.14 News broadcast
Programme title (Year) [format] Channel. Date, time of broadcast.
Example: RTÉ Six One News (2013) [TV broadcast] RTÉ One. 05 September 2013,
6 p.m.
32
3.12.15 Computer Programs
Surname(s), Initial(s). (Year of release) Program Title (Version) [Computer program].
Available at: URL address (accessed date).
Example: Carson, F. (2012) Creating and inventing (Version 2) [Computer program].
Available at: http://www.hobbs.com/downloads/creatinventv2.asp (accessed 3 September
2012).
Note: Details of the distributor (and address) of the computer program should be
provided instead of a URL address if accessing the program from a disk or another
offline source. Note also the Americanised spelling of the word ‘program’.
3.12.16 Mobile Application
Surname(s) or Company name, Initial(s). (Year of release) Application Title (Version)
[Mobile application]. Available at: URL address (accessed date).
Example: Apple (2013) iTunesV (Version 2.1) [Mobile application]. Available at:
http://itunes.apple.com/gb/app/itunes-u/id54312?mt=6 (accessed 09 March 2014).
Note: The author or developer of a mobile application can be an individual or a company
name. The date that should be used is the year the app was first released.
3.13 The Arts
3.13.1 Live Dance Performance
Choreographer(s) Surname(s), Initial(s). (Year of performance) Title of performance. The
dance company. Venue and place of performance (date seen).
Example: Jones, T. (2009) In the Sky. American Ballet Theatre. Sadler’s Wells, London
(17 March 2009).
3.13.2 CD
Artist(s) surname(s), Initial(s). (Year) Title of Recording [CD]. Label.
Example: Cohen, L. (1967) Songs of Leonard Cohen [CD]. EMI.
3.13.3 Track from a CD
Artist(s) Surname(s), Initial(s). (Year) Name of CD [CD]. Recording Studios.
Example: Perry, K. (2007) The best of Katy Perry [CD]. Instinct Records, New York.
3.13.4 Music Score
Musical scores are documented in a similar manner to books (see Section 3.1) but include
[Music score] after the publisher to specify the format.
33
3.13.5 Live Musical Performance
Composer(s) Surname(s), Initial(s). (Year written) Title [Live performance]. Name of
performing artist. Date seen, location.
Example: Chopin, F. (1830) Piano Concerto No 2 [Live performance]. RTÉ Concert
Orchestra. 29 April 2014, National Concert Hall, Dublin.
3.13.6 Work of Art seen in Museum or Gallery
Artist(s) Surname(s), Initial(s). (Year of creation) Title of work [Medium]. Location:
Name of Gallery/Museum.
Example: Cokrata, L. (1942) Confusion in the Ranks [Oil on Canvas]. Dublin, National
Gallery of Ireland.
34
4.&&BIBLIOGRAPHY&
Anglia Ruskin University (2008) Guide to the Harvard Style of Referencing. 5
th
ed.
Available at: http://libweb.anglia.ac.uk/referencing/files/Harvard_referencing_2013.pdf
(accessed 08 November 2014).
Bodleian Libraries (2011) Guide to Referencing and Citations: Oxford University
Department of Education (adapted from Sheffield Hallam University, Guide to
referencing and citations, 2010). Available at:
https://weblearn.ox.ac.uk/access/content/group/cd464c28-e981-4dcc-af89-
945b50a3ef48/Referencing%20and%20plagiarism/SHU_Guide_to_referencing%20NEW
%20TO%20USE.pdf (accessed 08 November 2014).
Coventry University (2009) Coventry University Harvard referencing style guide.
(Version 3.0.1). Available at:
http://www.coventry.ac.uk/Documents/Harvard_Guide_v3.0.1.pdf (accessed 08
November 2014).
Institute of Technology Carlow (c. 2010) Credit Where Credit is Due. (s.l.: s.n.).
Kitchin, R. and Fuller, D. (2005) The Academic’s Guide to Publishing. London: Sage
Publications.
Open University (n.d.) OU Harvard guide to citing references. Available at:
http://www.open.ac.uk/libraryservices/documents/Harvard_citation_hlp.pdf (accessed 08
November 2014).
University College Dublin (n.d.) Harvard Referencing System: An Introductory Guide.
Series No. 27. Available at:
http://www.ucd.ie/library/guides/pdf/blackrock/BICGuide27HarvardReferencing.pdf
(accessed 24 August 2010).