four quadrants for the BSC framework, they have asserted the BSC framework is flexible and
should be modified to suit the specific needs of a business unit (Kaplan & Norton, 1996).
Forgione was the first in the literature to link the BSC with health management as an
approach to combine health care financial and quality measures (Forgione, 1997). Forgione
reported the implementation of capitated payment systems and diagnostic related group
reimbursement places powerful incentives in opposition to health care quality. Additionally, just
as financial disclosures are essential for the efficient allocations of capital resources, quality
disclosures are essential for the efficient allocation of health care resources (Pink et al., 2001).
Since that time, the BSC has been implemented as part of a growing trend within the healthcare
industry in a variety of healthcare units including emergency rooms (Huang, Chen, Yang, Chang
& Lee, 2004), psychiatric centers (Santiago, 1999), intensive care units (Meliones, 2000),
women’s services (Jones & Filip, 2000), burn centers (Wachtel, Hartford & Hughes, 1999), long
term care facilities (Macdonald, 1998) and human resources (Fottler, Erickson, & Rivers, 2006).
Some hospital systems have developed a BSC framework to encompass their entire enterprise
(Pink et al., 2001; Yap, Siu, Baker, & Brown, 2005).
Patient satisfaction is an integral part of a health care organization's mission and culture
(Cardello, 2001). Patient satisfaction is a multidimensional construct researchers have
conceptualized in many ways (Nelson, 1990; Brand, Cronin, & Routledge, 1997; Keith, 1998;
Bryant, Kent, Lindenberger, Scbreiber, Canright, & Cole, et al 1998). Depending upon the focus
of the survey instrument, patient satisfaction scores may reflect efficiency of care,
communication with healthcare professionals, treatment outcome, pain management, or state of
the facility. Empirical research on patient satisfaction has demonstrated a lack of an accepted
conceptual or theoretical model, a lack of standardized methods to assess patient satisfaction, and