The United States 1800–1890 327
E2
converted the civic organs of the early republic into sales bureaus for consumer culture.
And it gave vast license to the newspaper barons – Joseph Pulitzer, William Randolph
Hearst – who built on the legacy of James Gordon Bennett and fashioned the “yellow
journalism” of the 1880s and 1890s. But national institutions of print also spread liter-
ary culture at home and abroad, winning grudging respect for American writers even
in London, where Fanny Fern was pirated not long after her US debut. Ultimately, the
advance of the publishing media enabled Americans to see themselves and the larger
world through native eyes. In that rise to literary independence, we can also discern an
ebbing of the cosmopolitanism that once was central to American print culture. In a
globalized world, where old habits of cultural nationalism clash with the urgent need
for international understanding, the making of American literature was not an unmixed
blessing.
References and Further Reading
Amory, Hugh and Hall, David D. (2000) A History
of the Book in America, vol. I: The Colonial Book
in the Atlantic World. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
Baldasty, Gerald J. (1992) The Commercialization of
News in the Nineteenth Century. Madison: Univer-
sity of Wisconsin Press.
Barnhurst, Kevin G. and Nerone, John (2001)
The Form of News: A History. New York:
Guilford.
Brodhead, Richard H. (1986) The School of Haw-
thorne. New York: Oxford University Press.
Brown, Candy Gunther (2004) The Word in the
World: Evangelical Writing, Publishing, and
Reading in America, 1789–1880. Chapel Hill:
University of North Carolina Press.
Casper, Scott, Chaison, Joanne D., and Groves,
Jeffrey D. (eds.) (2002) Perspectives on American
Book History: Artifacts and Commentary. Amherst:
University of Massachusetts Press.
—, Groves, Jeffrey D., Nissenbaum, Stephen W.,
et al. (forthcoming 2007) A History of the Book
in America, vol. III: The Industrial Book, 1840–
1880. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina
Press.
Crouthamel, James L. (1989) Bennett’s New York
Herald and the Rise of the Popular Press. Syracuse:
Syracuse University Press.
Ellis, Joseph J. (1979) After the Revolution: Profi les of
Early American Culture. New York: W. W.
Norton.
Greenspan, Ezra (2000) George Palmer Putnam: Rep-
resentative American Publisher. University Park:
Penn State University Press.
Gross, Robert A. and Kelley, Mary (forthcoming
2008) A History of the Book in America, vol. II:
An Extensive Republic: Books, Culture, and Society
in the New Nation, 1790–1840. Chapel Hill: Uni-
versity of North Carolina Press.
Henkin, David M. (1998) City Reading: Written
Words and Public Spaces in Antebellum New York.
New York: Columbia University Press.
Johanningsmeier, Charles A. (1997) Fiction and the
American Literary Marketplace: The Role of News-
paper Syndicates in America, 1860–1900. New
York: Cambridge University Press.
John, Richard R. (1995) Spreading the News: The
American Postal System from Franklin to Morse.
Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Kaser, David (1957) Messrs Carey & Lea of
Philadelphia: A Study in the History of the Book-
trade. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania
Press.
Kelley, Mary (1985) Private Woman, Public Stage;
Literary Domesticity in Nineteenth Century America.
New York: Oxford University Press.
Leonard, Thomas C. (1986) Power of the Press: The
Birth of American Political Reporting. New York:
Oxford University Press.
— (1995) News for All: America’s Coming-of-age
with the Press. New York: Oxford University
Press.
ERC23.indd 327ERC23.indd 327 1/4/2007 5:32:25 PM1/4/2007 5:32:25 PM